Song of Myself

Song of Myself Oh, I was going to answer a bunch of questions today, but it turns out that somehow along the line I managed to answer them all in the comments. So go back and read the comments! Its like when your favorite networks try to convince you to watch reruns during the summer except you were watching Dancing With The Stars instead! Well except this one, from Wenhao Sun which Ive been meaning to answer for a while: Hey! Ive heard that Bartok Concerto for Orchestra is absolutely awesome I havent actually had the opportunity to hear it, but I suppose Ill go check it out. With regards to Beethoven, his late stuff is pretty awesome (with some weird stuff lol, Op.133 Grosse Fugue? I dont know at least I dont see the genius in that one yet). Anyway, how is the music department at MIT? Im a pretty avid classical violinist with a passion for chamber music, and Ive heard that MIT has a rather strong music department. Could you give me a little information on its orchestra and chamber music program (for composing as well, as thats always interested me)? Thanks! Wenhao Sun As far as late Beethoven goes, Id really like to get into him but havent had the chance yetIve heard some of his later piano sonatas sound remarkably like Joplin (Scott, not Janis), which just sounds awesome. The music program at MIT is actually quite strong, and one of the reasons I ended up coming to MIT over some other schools. My junior year of high school, I had the pleasure of singing under Dr. William Cutter in the Pennsylvania Region V chorus, and it was quite possibly one of the most informative and brilliant musical experiences Ive ever had. Although Im sure MITs music program doesnt rival that of any conservatory or even some larger liberal-arts type schools, it helped to know that a school as good as MIT at science and engineering had such great faculty working in their music department. Dr. Cutter also teaches at the Boston Conservatory and prepares the choirs for Boston Lyric Opera and the Boston Pops. Exactly how good is MITs music? Well, Ive performed in the Concert Choir, a large, 90-ish member free-for-all choir, and the Chamber Chorus, a 30-ish member more exclusive group focusing on smaller-scale works. While neither is the most technically proficient group Ive ever been in, Ive had the opportunity to perform a more diverse and challenging repertoire of music than I ever saw in high schoolin five semesters here, Ive performed, among other works, Mozarts Requiem, Stravinskys Mass, Bachs Magnificat, and Handels Messiahall with appropriate (and professional) symphonic accompaniment. My freshman year in Chamber Chorus, I had the unique opportunity of performing a work specifically commissioned for the groupLibby Larsens The Nothing That Is. The whole program can be found here. Check out the libretto here. Larsen may have gone a little too far in making the piece MIT-oriented. Among other influences, the piece is based on Indian cosmology, Apollo 13, Hamlet, Vatican II, New Math and the infinite summation 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + No, really. There were breaks in the song where I was singing one plus one minus one plus for a minute straight, and theres a great crescendo where the choir chants, T minus zero zero zero zero zero nine, T minus zero zero zero zero eight all the way down to blastoff. Yes, that concert certainly was a unique experience to say nothing else. Oh! Im getting so excited about this concert now! In addition to the real, unreal, and indescribable Libby Larsen piece, we got to sing the twenty-minute long Copland piece In The Beginning, which starts off when God create the Heaven and Earth and doesnt finish up until Man became a living soul. I never even knew they wrote 20-minute long a capella choral works when I was in high school, and certainly had no idea that Id be singing one. That was probably the most challenging piece Ive ever sung. Oh, but beyond the realm of choir MIT has a bunch of official music groups you can find here, including a symphony, a wind ensemble, a jazz ensemble, and a Gamelan conducted by nationally-renowned musician Evan Ziporyn. As a member of the Chamber Music Society, one of my friends during his semester at MIT was coached in a string quartet by Pulitzer-Prize-winning composer John Harbison. Id say thats pretty cool. You can take any of the above ensembles as a class for six units of general elective credit, which, in my experience, is UTTERLY MEANINGLESS except for boosting your GPA. Hey, my A in choir made the difference between an x.84 and an x.86 for me last term, which is quite nice when MIT rounds your GPA to one decimal place. In addition to all these organizations, MIT has a bunch of student-run groups, including like six a capella groups, a concert band, a marching band, a Senegalese Drum Ensemble, and a guild of bellringers. Though Wenhao might not fit in so well in any of the above on violin (well, maybe Marching Band; were kind of desperate), the point is that whether you play cello or kazoo or pan pipes or oboe of love, theres probably an ensemble at MIT for you. Finally, one last thing to look at is the Emerson Scholarship. To get this, you audition (open to the entire community, from first-term freshman to nth-year grad students) in August on one or more pieces of your choosing. If successful, you can take weekly private lessons from any instructor of your choice in the Boston area and MIT will pay for half of it. Since there are a lot of really excellent teachers in the Boston area, this can turn out to be a great deal for you if youre committed to studying performance. And then there are music classes, too. You can go back and check out my experiences with 21M.302: Harmony and Counterpoint II over the past term. In addition to writing a Theme and Variations in the high classical style, I had to learn how to improvise on piano and do some crazy, crazy sight-singing exercises I wouldnt wish on my worst enemies. Beyond composition, MIT also has some excellent history of music classes, which Ive been told are unusually good for a school with no graduate music program. I took 21M.271: Symphony and Concerto last year. It starts at the invention of the symphony and ends at Eliot Carter, whom I still HATE, touching on pretty much every important composer in between. Professor Lindgren is fantastic, and going through basically all modern Western music in chronological order was tremendously helpful in broadening my own musical understanding. I highly recommend it to any MIT students, present or future, reading this entry. To concludeyes, Virginia, MIT has a music department. tomorrow: Sams adventures in Judaism!

Investigative Plan Into Daytime Robberies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1533 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Tags: Criminal Law Essay Did you like this example? INVESTIGATIVE PLAN1 Investigative Plan Introduction This paper describes an investigative plan designed to deal with the spate of daytime robberies occurring recently in this city. The plan will draw upon the limited information obtained by our police officers in respect of each of the robberies. Aspects covered in the investigative plan will include the investigative steps needed, the technological assistance/support required, the analysis of any pattern to the robberies, the method(s) to be used to synthesize the available data, the types of investigative units to be used, and the procurement of needed supplies and equipment (which might require additional funding). Investigative Steps Required According to Hall (2011), investigative steps following a series of robberies in the cityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s jurisdictions should be as follows: Step 1: Carefully review all the police reports from the various precincts / jurisdictions where the robberies were initially reported and the incidents handled. Step 2: Considering all those robberies as a group of possibly related incidents, collate the list of witnesses from all the individual police reports and re-interview each witness. This might reveal common elements in the series of crimes. Step 3: Referring to the police reports, review each item of available forensic evidence. Step 4: Carefully review the recorded CCTV footage from all surveillance cameras located within range of the scenes of the robberies, looking for possible images of the perpetrators or vehicles used. Step 5: Review existing analyses made by the police teams involved in the original incidents, looking for any identified common elements or similarities. Step 6: Synthesize the collated robberies data, facilitating a more effective review by organizing the data in terms of factors such as the Modus Operandi (MO), the day and the time, and the location of each robbery. Step 7: Identify and mark the locations of the offenses on a city map, looking for grou ping of the locations (which may help locate the base from where the offender(s) operate). Step 8: Request the potential availability of additional manpower / resources from any agencies to be involved in the investigation. Step 9: Contact other city agencies, especially in outlying areas, to determine if they have seen any corresponding increase in the numbers of robberies. Step 10: Study demographic factors such as zoning changes, major demographic shifts, opening of new businesses, etc. in order to take into account other factors that might have affected this increased crime rate. Technological Assistance Needed Since the early days of crime investigation when crime reports were handwritten and had to be meticulously and manually analyzed, technology has made the work of the investigators easier, particularly in the use of computers and sophisticated computer programs designed with criminal investigation in mind. These can include databases which allow law enforcem ent agencies to rapidly compare data such as fingerprints, arrest records, etc. Geographical Information Software (GIS) is another type of software which facilitates the creation by crime analysts of sometimes complex maps to help investigate the geographical aspects of crimes (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“GIS Software Requirements for Crime Analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  2012). Our investigative plan should take full advantage of such available technological resources. Analysis of Robbery Patterns A consortium of five of the leading police organizations in the US developed an analysis system called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“SARAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  which is a four-stage procedure recommended for use in cases such as this. The procedure stages are as follows: Scanning: By observation of reports and any patterns within them, commonalities between recurring problems or situations are more readily identified. Analysis: To obtain a more comprehensive understanding of any causal factors, the analysts consider three factual elements à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the victim, the location, and the offender(s). Those three comprise the sides of the so-called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“crime triangle.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  They are not only important in the process of analyzing the crimes, but can highlight needed action for future crime prevention. For example, if the crimes were committed in badly lit areas, the appropriate authority could be contacted to make necessary improvements. Response: Following identification of causal factors, it is possible to address responses to at least two sides of that crime triangle. These are the strategic plans implemented. Assessment: The analysts evaluate the effectiveness of the problem-solving activity and collect data to determine if the outcome is positive. If it is not (i.e. if the response was ineffective), then the analysts develop a new response (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Team Community Oriented Policingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  n.d.). Data Synthesis The data gathered needs to be synthes ized to make the analysis easier and sharper. Essentially, that means removing data that is not pertinent to a series of crimes (in this instance, robberies), in order to focus on the relevant details. Synthesizing the data concentrates the interest of the investigators on common elements, so that (for example) witnesses may be re-interviewed to ask important questions, forensic evidence might be re-examined to look for substances not previously recognized as significant, cameras footage might be reviewed once more, and so on. All these aspects reviewed and re-examined help the investigators get closer to the perpetrators of the crimes by uncovering information that might originally have been overlooked or not reported. Investigative Units Required Effective execution of the strategic plan requires use of a range of investigative units. First there are crime analysis units (if necessary from each precinct or jurisdiction involved). Then there are the investigative units (detec tives), regular patrol officers and the forensic teams (again from each local police authority). If the scale of the operations merits more resources, it may be necessary (for example) to bring in or recruit more patrol officers or other specialist personnel. Equipment and Supplies Procurement Again dependent on the perceived scale of the operation, it may be necessary to acquire additional computer workstations and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" if not already available à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the necessary GIS software to facilitate computerized mapping of the crime locations. Other requirements might include specialized database software, and analysis software such as Microsoft Access, which is used by numerous police authorities. For some of this software, additional training resources are likely to be needed, too. Furthermore, as mentioned earlier, additional patrol officers (and therefore their vehicles, too), might be a requirement. Additional Funding It is more than probable that in order to mount such an operation as described, the cityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s police authority may need a special budget, over and above the regular budget already agreed and made available. In order to obtain that extra funding, the police authority will be required to make a case for it, submitting the request to the appropriate agency. There are specific funding programs available. Perhaps the most applicable in this instance is the COPS (Community Oriented Policing Services office). It offers grants for law enforcement agencies, which may be used for various purposes. Those include hiring additional community police officers, purchasing new equipment and technology, hiring civilian administrative personnel, and for the promotion of innovative crime solutions. The Department of Justice also has a number of other agencies through which grants can be made available for specific purposes (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Grantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  n.d.). According to the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), under the terms of their mandate they are not permitted à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“to provide direct funding for equipment purchases and training beyond that supplied under the Forensic Laboratory Enhancement program.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  However the NIJ suggests sources for obtaining funding for equipment and other needs through various programs, including the following examples. Justice Assistance Grant Program: Funds obtained from this source à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“may be used to provide personnel, equipment, training, technical assistance, and information systems.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Office of Justice Programs Technology Initiatives: The dedicated website provides details of access to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“initiatives and technological developments.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Information on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Federal and private funding sources, examples of innovative funding ideas, and tips on researching funding legislationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  is also provided (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Funding for Equipmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  n.d.). Because funding is likely to be difficult to obtain in these days of fiscal belt-tightening by public / government agencies, securing any required additional funds may need support from local politicians including Senators and Congressmen, who might have some influence with agencies having the authority to disburse grants, etc. Conclusions It seems highly probable that to implement the strategic investigative plan set out in this document, addition technological and human resources would be necessary to put the plan as described in motion, and then to bring it to a successful conclusion. The plan as described seems to offer a practical approach to the problem, offering a good chance of success. Assuming the cityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s police authority budget could not accommodate the costs of those resources that would mean applying for grants to provide the funds needed. As discussed above, there are sources of such funding, although in these times of a depressed economy, extern al influences might be needed to support the funding application(s). References: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Funding for Equipment.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (n.d.). National Institute of Justice (NIJ). Retrieved from: https://www.nij.gov/funding/pages/equipment-funding.aspx à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“GIS Software Requirements for Crime Analysis.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (June 2012). International Association of Crime Analysts (IACA). Retrieved from: https://www.iaca.net/Publications/Whitepapers/iacawp_2012_07_gis_requirements_for_crime_analysis.pdf à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Grants.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (n.d.). The United States Department of Justice. Retrieved from: https://www.justice.gov/business Hall, Elizabeth. (2011). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Effective Tactical Analysis for Robbery Investigations.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Criminology Justice. Retrieved from: https://criminologyjust.blogspot.com.es/2013/02/effective-tactical-analysis-for-robbery.html à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Team Community Oriented Policing.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (n.d.). University of Michigan Police. Retrieved from: https://police.umich.edu/?s=tcop Appendix: Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Investigative Plan Into Daytime Robberies" essay for you Create order

Measuring Supertraits with Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

Underlying Theory Eysenck developed Eysenck Personality Questionnaire to measure his supertraits in his Factor Theory ( Houstan, n.d.). There are three key traits in his theory which are extraversion–introversion, neuroticism- stability and psychoticism. Unlike Carl Jung’s extraversion and introversion, Eysenck believed that biological and genetic causes differences between extraverts and introverts (Feist Feist, 2009). He mentioned that cortical arousal level, which is a physiological condition that is largely inherited, in every individual are different. Extraverts have lower level of cortical arousal than introverts but they a high level of sensory stimulation to maintain an optimal level of stimulation. Thus, extraverts participate more often in exciting and stimulating activities (Feist Feist, 2009). The second supertrait in his theory which is neuroticism- stability (N) also contains strong hereditary component. People who are highly neurotic tend to be anxious, moody and vulnerable, whereas people who are low on neuroticism tend to be stable, calm and even-tempered ( Houstan, n.d.). Subsequently, psychoticism (P) is an independent personality trait. People who score high in P are aggressive, hostile, antisocial and etc, whereas people who score low in P tend to be highly socialized, empathic, caring and so on. Construct and Scoring System EPQ consists of 4 scales which are E ( extroversion- introversion), N ( neuroticism- stability), P ( psychoticism) and LShow MoreRelatedStrengths And Weaknesses Of Personality Traits1931 Words   |  8 PagesMost personality theories share a common interest in traits. Theorists have become fascinated with traits, as they essentially tell us what makes us, us. Perpetual features within us demonstrated by our actions within everyday life. Trait theory aims to assess personality, whilst identifying and measuring the extent of particular repetitive personality traits for example - shyness and analysing how much these traits vary from person to person. Trait theory is perhaps the most widely used perspective

Medical Career vs. Fashion Design Free Essays

Fashion Design Career As teenagers, high scholars or even college students, we always struggle with big questions†¦ What career am I going to pick? , What career suits me better? , Am I going to be able to do it?. We have been through those stages of adolescence, at least, I’ve past through them, and to be honest, sometimes those questions doesn’t give you a concrete answer until you give a try and risk yourself into something new. Sometimes o have to look for pro/con to see what’s best for you, that’s why I’m looking for an answer through this essay. We will write a custom essay sample on Medical Career vs. Fashion Design or any similar topic only for you Order Now Medical career ; Fashion design are very different, but they do have some similarities. The medical career is a great profession. It career requires many skills and time to be successful. Behind a great doctor, is a hard and long Medical Career, there’s a lot of sacrifices you have to do to success in that area. Medical career requires time and dedication, the length of the career is 7 years and 4 extra depending on the specialty o want, some specialties are 7 years long like neurosurgeon for example. After medical career you are required to work in a hospital or a private clinic, by becoming a doctor, you learn or gain the ability to save life’s and cure illness, being able to help others makes you feel better despite of the salary of a Doctor, which most of the times is pretty high. But most of Medical School Students doesn’t sacrifice sleep or eating hours for money, they really do it for solidarity. Fashion design is a creative and rewarding profession. It career requires a creative pen mind, a good point of view and time to practice. As we know, fashion industry is constantly innovating and creating new things, ideas, styles. It’s not a relevant thing or area, but for some people It becomes a life style. Fashion designers workplace can be in a lot of places depending on what they want to do, they can work as designers, visual merchandisers, stylists, image consulter, make up stylist, chief editor of a magazine, even an assistant to a celebrity, to become a good Fashion designer, you need to have a good eye, creativity and the skills to improve something to a better ay or even to create something wonderful from scratch. During the career you spent more time in the practical part than in the lecture room, the salaries of a fashion designer depends on the Job they get. Medical Career and Fashion Design have some similarities despite of the types of the career. Both careers have things in common. Fashion industry and Medical area are very competitive when it gets to find a good Job after finishing the career, you need to know how to work as a team, both careers requires different type of clothes, in a capital there’s always Doctors wearing Blue clothes or white scrubs, and mostly of fashion designers always wear important brands clothes or the latest fashion style. Salaries between these careers are different, and it depends of how good you are in your area. Although both careers are similar, they also have many differences. Seeking a career can be difficult for so many people, mostly teenagers or young adults. Some people Just look for what they suit better, but for me, the best career is the one that you choose with your heart based on your learning skills. How to cite Medical Career vs. Fashion Design, Essays

Partners in Crime free essay sample

This paper presents a detailed examination of community policing. The following paper looks at several research studies and other discussions that outline both sides of the issue of community policing. The writer then makes a recommendation based on the research studied. From the paper: Beginning in the mid 1990s the government began approving community-policing grants across the nation. The funs were used to allow precincts to hire additional officers and implement community policing programs of various basic operations. The government asked cities that wanted to participate to submit grant proposals and to detail how the money would be used(Community, 1997). On the basis of many factors including the grant report, the city size and the crime rate in the area the government then handed out funds to begin programs. The grants were for a certain amount of time and then the cities that participated would be expected to continue to fund the community officers with their own budgets. We will write a custom essay sample on Partners in Crime or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Roman Emperor Septimius Severus

Roman Emperor Septimius Severus Severus came to power by disposing of rivals with a better claim to power than his own. His immediate predecessor was Didius Julianus. Septimius Severus died peacefully, leaving, as joint successors, his sons Caracalla and  Geta. Dates April 11, A.D. 145-February 4, 211 Reign 193-211 Places of Birth and Death Leptis Magna; Eboracum Name Lucius Septimius Severus Augustus (Severus) Occupation Ruler (Roman Emperor Septimius Severus was born in Africa, at the Phoenician city of Leptis Magna (in Libya), to a presumed equestrian (wealthy) family with consuls in it, on April 11, 145, and died in Britain, on February 4, 211, after reigning for 18 years as Emperor of Rome. Family Parents:  P. Septimius Geta, (equestrian) and Fulvia Pia Wife:  Julia Domna Sons:  Bassianus (Caracalla) (b. 188); Geta (b. 189) Following the murder of Pertinax, Rome supported Didius Julianus as emperor, but as Severus entered Rome having been declared emperor by his troops in Pannonia on April 9, 193 [DIR], the supporters of Julianus defected, he was executed, and soon the soldiers in Italy and the senators supported Severus, instead; meanwhile, troops in the East proclaimed Syrias governor, Pescennius Niger, emperor, and the British legions, their governor, Clodius Albinus. Severus had to deal with his rival claimants. He defeated Pescennius Niger at the A.D. 194 Battle of Issus not to be confused with the battle in 333 B.C., in which Alexander the Great defeated the Persian Great King Darius. Severus then marched into Mesopotamia, where he set up a new legion and declared war on Roman emperor Clodius Albinus. Even with the legions of Britain, Gaul, Germany, and Spain, behind him, Albinus still lost to Severus in 197 near Lyon [see Lyon Museum], and committed suicide. The reputation of Septimius Severus changes with the times. Some consider him responsible for the Fall of Rome. According to [virtual-pc.com/orontes/severi/MoranSev193.html, 6/29/99] Jonathan C. Moran, Gibbon blamed Severus for the changes that led to turmoil and ultimate decay in Rome. The De Imperatoribus Romanis entry on Severus explains the charge: by giving greater pay and benefits to soldiers and annexing the troublesome lands of northern Mesopotamia into the Roman empire, Septimius Severus brought increasing financial and military burdens to Romes government. His reign was also considered bloody and according to the Catholic Encyclopedia, he may have been involved in the murder of his predecessor, Pertinax. The Catholic Encyclopedia also says he persecuted the Christians and forbade conversion to Judaism and to Christianity. On the other side, Septimius Severus restored stability to the Roman Empire. He improved performance and increased morale by making (expensive) changes in the military and praetorian guard. He restored Hadrians Wall and was involved in other construction projects. He also played the part of the traditional emperor: He reformed the grain supply for the city of Rome.... He put on games... for the people to keep them diverted and on his side. He freed his friends from debt and gave donatives to the soldiers and people. He also heard lawsuits.... Severus also began appointing his own men to the senate, one the emperors traditional prerogatives.- [www.virtual-pc.com/orontes/severi/MoranSev193.html#1, 6/29/99] Severus and Traditional Auctoritas Print SourceSeptimius Severus: The African Emperor, by Anthony Richard Birley Also, see Historia Augusta - The Life of Septimius Severus Septimius Severus and the Severan Emperors Septimius Severus and his successors were known as Severan Emperors Septimius SeverusCaracallaGetaEmperors Pertinax and Didius JulianusRoman Emperors Timeline 2nd CenturyRoman Emperors Timeline 3rd Century Ancient Sources on Septimius Severus HerodianHistoria AugustaDio Cassius

Phrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns

Phrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns Phrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns Phrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns By Mark Nichol A phrasal verb is a verb consisting of two or more words- a verb and (usually) a preposition or a particle- that, when combined, describe an action. When formed into a closed or hyphenated compound, however, a phrasal verb is transformed into a phrasal noun, which can, alternatively, be employed as an adjective. This post explains the distinction, with examples. Forming Phrasal Verbs Take just about any basic verb, and it can likely be paired with one or more words to form a phrasal verb. (A phrasal verb is also called a compound verb, or a prepositional verb or a particle verb, depending on the function of the word following the verb, along with other names.) Consider walk, for example. One can walk in a line, out a door, through a tunnel, up a flight of stairs, down a street, on a rug, near a park, by a shop, off a cliff, or away from a fight. In many cases, however, a writer can name the action by combining the verb and the preposition or particle into a compound. Walk-in, for example, describes someone who arrives at a location without an appointment, or it serves as a truncation of â€Å"walk-in refrigerator† or functions as an adjective in â€Å"walk-in closet† or â€Å"walk-in apartment.† A walkout, by contrast, is a labor strike or an action in which a number of people leave a meeting or a location to express disapproval. (Notice the inconsistency of treatment; the former word is hyphenated, while the latter is closed.) A walk-through is an inspection or a rehearsal, and a walk-up is a building with no elevator to the upper floors. (As an adjective, the word might refer to a window where a customer can be served without entering a business location.) â€Å"Walk down† can also refer to an act of walking to help oneself recover from illness or poisoning or to wear someone down to exhaustion (â€Å"wear down† is also a phrasal verb), but- so far, at least- English-language speakers and writers have not felt a need for a corresponding phrasal noun. (That is the case with a couple of other phrasal verbs in this list.) But a walk-on is a small theatrical role (from the fact that such parts often involve an actor simply walking onstage, perhaps to deliver a message to a main character, for example) or a person who attempts to join an athletic team without an invitation or a scholarship offer. Walk-off, meanwhile, describes a final winning play in a baseball game. Note that with any of the phrasal verbs listed, at best, a sentence’s meaning will differ if the preposition or particle is omitted; at worst, it won’t make sense. One can, for example, walk a line, but that means something different than a reference to walking in a line, while â€Å"walk a door† is meaningless. However, some phrasal verbs are redundant, though they are often used colloquially. Such phrases, which often unnecessarily pair a verb with up or down, include â€Å"climb up,† â€Å"meet up,† â€Å"rest up,† â€Å"sit down,† â€Å"stand up,† and â€Å"write down.† (One may climb down, but descend is a better alternative for that phrase.) Note, though, that some of these redundant phrases can be legitimately repurposed as phrasal nouns or adjectives when hyphenated. For example, meet-up is an informal synonym for gathering, and a sit-down is a work stoppage or protest or a meeting convened to resolve a conflict or problem. (As an adjective, the term also pertains to a meal or a restaurant at which one is seated.) Meanwhile, a stand-up comic is one who performs while standing, though the term may also informally denote the quality of integrity (â€Å"He’s a real stand-up guy†) or simply refer to something literally upright. The term alone can also refer to the entertainment form or a television broadcast with a similar setup- there’s another phrasal verb transformed into a compound verb- or to the performer. â€Å"Write down† does not have a corresponding noun. However, the words write and up, though they do not form a phrasal verb (â€Å"write it up† comes close), are used, linked with a hyphen, to describe a report, review, or summary, as in â€Å"Did you see the write-up about the game in today’s paper?† Numerous other examples exist. Note, however, that as in the case of walk-in and walkout, treatment of two words with a common verb may differ: One performs a turnaround but comes up with a work-around. A blow-up is not the same as a blowout, and the compounds are not styled the same. And though hand-down is not (yet) a word- it might someday be coined to describe an edict or pronouncement- a hand-me-down is something passed on (such as an article of clothing given to a child when an older sibling outgrows it). When contemplating using a phrasal noun (or a phrasal adjective), first, use a dictionary to determine 1) whether the term exists and 2) whether the phrasal noun is hyphenated or closed. (And double-check that the adjectival form is the same as the phrasal noun. Exceptions exist, including the noun/adjective pairs castoff/cast-off and takeout/take-out.) For example, when one calls out, it is a callout, but when one logs in, it is (usually) a log-in. (Login is also employed; the correct form is the one that appears in the dictionary or style guide you consult.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 1Cannot or Can Not?10 Types of Hyphenation Errors