Callicles Gorgias

Rebecca L. Hunt Stickiest Point #1 1. THE CLAIM: â€Å"The man who’ll live correctly ought to allow his own appetites to get as large as possible and not restrain them. † –Callicles, Gorgias 491e-492a. 2. CALLICLES’ ARGUMENT: Callicles claims that one should fill his appetite as much as possible. Socrates’ view on a happy life requires self mastery which means that your appetites and emotions are controlled and you mind manifests order. Also, Socrates’ ideal happy person would not do what is morally wrong.Callicles argues that if you live a life like Socrates wants, you are living like a corpse or a stone. Callicles believes that â€Å"living pleasantly consists in this: having as much as possible flow in† (494b). To truly be happy, one needs to be constantly filling his appetite to the maximum capacity. This is not possible for many. The people who cannot fulfill their appetites are apparently embarrassed and â€Å"their own lack of courage leads them to praise self-control and justice† (492b).According to Callicles, the rules created by the weak â€Å"enslave† the more naturally gifted men. For the ones born into power, Callicles believes that they should defiantly feel shameful that they let the talk of the people and the laws that rule them stop him from filling his appetite. 3. CRITICISM: Callicles is wrong to think that one should fill his appetite constantly and to the fullest. This may seem like a pleasant life but it is defiantly not a fulfilling one.You need more goals and ambitions that are not just centered on what you want. . One could argue that everybody does not have appetites that are bad and selfish, but Callicles is defiantly referring to the self-indulgent ones. Callicles theory is similar to Darwin’s â€Å"survival of the fittest†. Both believe that the strongest creatures will rule and take over the weaker ones Callicles is also wrong in saying that the strong sho uld do whatever they feel and the weak need to quit holding them back with rules.He believes that the â€Å"weak† create these rules because they are jealous and embarrassed at their own incompetence. It is not that the weak are jealous; they just want order in their cities. If the strong had the ability to do whatever they feel then many people would suffer. Why would a city want a majority of its citizens feel inferior to just a handful of, what I would call, bullies? This includes people born into power. Just because they are rulers does not give them the right to not have any kind of ethics or morals.They should actually do the opposite of what Callicles says and set an example for their people and lead good, self-disciplined lives. Smart people should have more of a right to rule the people, but only if they are trying to work for the greater good. They should not have ultimate power but I would rather a room full of smart, morally good men rule a city then selfish men c onstantly trying to always fulfill their own appetites.

I Will Great This Day with Love in My Heart Essay

Who is love by the author? The author love everybody because even if we have indifferences he knows that every quality we posses should be accepted and be love for what they have. What does the author love about this people? The author loves this people for who they are. Regardless of our indifferences he loves everyone because he knows that every individual has a life that we cannot judge base on their appearance. He loves the rich because they are lonely. That means that we cannot say that a man is happy just because he has money. Aside from love, what does the writer feel for this people? Aside from love the author feels their inner emotions that they people tries to hide. So he is so compassionate about their feelings. How were you able to get the message of the poem? I was able to get the message by understanding each phrase and what it truly means. The message is that to love everybody because they have a purpose. Like loving the ambitious for they can inspire you. What helped you determine what the author wanted to convey? The details in the poem like: I will greet this day with love in my heart. Because he will greet the day with love, he loves everybody even if there is indifferences.

A goal oriented appraisal system

A goal oriented appraisal system Purpose – To implement a goal oriented appraisal system Observations from yesterday meeting They don’t have a proper performance appraisal system Technical skills are assessing from their Netherland counterpart but as my knowledge it is not documented Currently they are using 360 feedback systems but the content of the appraisal is very poor They are focusing on implementing a goal oriented appraisal system They are planning to conduct appraisal quarterly Their main purpose is to improve employee’s soft skills while assessing their technical skills Through this hey need to identify the skill gaps and training need of their workforce Performance management is about working together with employees to identify strengths and weaknesses in their performance and how to help them be a more productive and effective worker. Therefore, it is important to have a proper performance management system to help everyone in the organization. In order to have a proper performance appraisal system we can use following actions. Actions to be taken We need to evaluate the current performance appraisal system We need to analyze the areas covering thorough the current appraisal system and how frequently they are providing their feedback to others. Also we need to identify if there is anything that need to be changed or add to the evaluation criteria. As per the current system they are assessing only soft skills, but it is very important to assess their technical and operational and service skills to improve their career. Identify organizational goals Performance management system should be focused on project goals. PM has the idea of project deadlines, necessities needed to achieve the deadlines; measures effectiveness or efficiency towards the deadline and drivers to achieve the deadline etc. This chain of measurement is examined to ensure alignment with overall results of the organization. Goals should be addressed within a SMART framework. Specific: Well-defined to inform employees exactly what is expected, when, and how much. Measurable: Provide milestones to track progress and motivate employees toward achievement. Achievable: Success needs to be attainable with effort by an average employee, with a bit of a stretch. Relevant: The goals should focus on the greatest impact to the overall corporate strategy. Timely: A goal should be grounded within a time frame to create a sense of urgency for completion Therefore it is important to clarify what your goals are for the next quarter. Identify processes or procedures that could be simplified or done more effectively. Declare the goals for the next quarter or new products/ projects employee may involve. Implement better communication between departments and team members. Set performance expectations. Clearly explain the expectations for the employees Examine that they are currently doing their job well. Share some weaknesses that observed in their work habits, and how overcoming those would help their performance in the company. Identify specific things to accomplish over the next quarter. Prioritize these works, so the employee knows which is most important and make sure to give them a deadline for each task. Monitor and develop the performance cycle throughout the quarter One on one (1:1) feedback is a great way to do this. As employees begin to work on their expectations, we need to assess regularly how they are doing. We can do this weekly and can give feedbacks about their performance. If they appear to be struggling to meet performance expectations, discuss with them and check if they required any support or coaching. Evaluate their performance At each performance review, we should let employee know how they are doing. It is often helpful to assign a numeric value on a scale, rating the employee from â€Å"not meeting expectations† to â€Å"meets expectations† to â€Å"exceed expectations†. As a company we need provide feedback on their performance. We need to be more specific as possible, noting key examples of when they demonstrated a certain quality. Explain about the consequences or rewards of their performance. It is a key strategy to retain the top talent and driving organizational performance that exceeds all expectations. These things can be used to develop the under performers to become greater assets to your organization. Discuss any problems they may be having. Listen to their concerns. Align feedback with feedback given throughout the quarter in their one on ones Set new performance expectations for the next quarter Some items may be the same. However, since these are also based on organizational goals, you will need to re-examine the goals for the upcoming quarter. Conclusion Effective performance management plan is the key to creating an engaged and aligned workforce the hallmark of all successful businesses. Without one, the organization could lose more than just time and money you could lose knowledge, employees and, in the end, your competitive edge.

The Impact of the Cold War Policy and International Conflicts on the D Assignment - 1

The Impact of the Cold War Policy and International Conflicts on the Development of East Asia since 1945 till Today - Assignment Example The Cold War benefited China since it triggered a civil war between the communist and nationalist Chinese. The victory of the communists Chinese in 1949 resulted in the installation of a government, which effectively unified the Chinese people. Additionally, the victory of the communists resulted in the restoration of China to an independent state, free of the European interference. Nevertheless, the Cold War had a negative impact on Korea, China, and Japan in the sense that it created regional instability. For instance, the Korean War reportedly created an armed conflict between the U.S. and China to the extent that it created serious regional stability, which impacted negatively on the economy of the region. Again, during the Cold War, the USSR supported North Korea while the U.S. supported South Korea. Since then, the two nations have been involved in a conflict with Russia still maintaining its support for North Korea and the U.S. casting its weight behind South Korea. These historical conflicts whose origins are traced to the Cold War period are impacting negatively on regional stability. By extension, the conflicts impact negatively on the development of the region since it hampers trade. China, Japan, and Korea were once among the poorest countries in the world. In fact, the three countries were not considered economic powers until after the end of World War II. It is after the war that the countries took a path to modernize themselves. The modernization process in the three countries began by creating political stability. In the early part of the 20th century, all three countries were ruled by autocratic leaders. As such, the countries were marred by corruption to the extent that only a few, mainly the rich benefited. This resulted in the unequal distribution of resources. To modernize the three countries, the citizens of these countries, particularly those in the opposition, pushed for the replacement of autocratic leaders with governments elected by the people. This in part involved calling for the modernization of institutions in the countries to ensure that democracy and the rule of law are embraced. Japan and China then moved with speed to establish a strong mi litary to ensure that the kingdoms and empires are protected and that their political stability was maintained. However, Korea did not focus much on building a strong military as its counterparts. Instead, Korea embarked on creating economic reforms to promote trade and investment in the country. Japan and China, however, embarked on creating economic reforms after building a strong military. The three countries share a similarity in that all embarked on infrastructural development as part of their modernization process. Today, the three countries are among the top ten largest economies in the world.

Case study on the design of a contemporary Civil Engineering project Essay - 1

Case study on the design of a contemporary Civil Engineering project - Essay Example The bridge is a natural expression of structural engineering and architecture but a city center footbridge is equally about people and the environment; in short a piece of public architecture. The bridge gives the pedestrians unique views of London, free from traffic and high above the Thames. In September 1996, a competition was organized by a London-based newspaper the Financial Times and London Borough of Southwark to design a new Footbridge across the River Thames. The idea behind the competition was to get the best design in every aspect therefore the teams participating in the design were structured to have an engineer, an architect and an artist. More than 200 teams participated and the competition was won by Arup (engineer), Foster (architect) and Sir Anthony Caro (Sculptor). The height restrictions and the view behind the bridge required an innovative design which was provided in the form of a design which included some unusual practices; the suspension design had supporting cables below the deck level. This innovative design was given the name ‘blade of light’ by its designers. The structure of the Millennium Bridge is innovative and complex but it has been designed to achieve an apparent simple form. The design of the Millennium Bridge is based on the following considerations: An evolved support system in which the majority of the bridge stiffness is created by shallow cable profile derived tension. This allows a light bridge deck structure. A modular design in which several structural members and components can be repeated in the structure, thus reducing the fabrication costs. This can also simplify the maintenance after the construction and allows easy execution of the construction phase. The distribution of the forces on the foundations should be such that they do not disturb the existing structures on the north bank and also the foundations of the existing bridges. The aesthetics of the bridge at night were also a big concern and a l ight pipe system illumination was proposed to create a ‘blade of light’ across the river at night. The river traffic analysis is also important while designing a bridge at such a location. A major issue was the provision of planning advice for gaining the necessary approvals to construct a new river crossing in the heart of London. Moreover ways of generating the finances for the bridge were also to be considered while designing the bridge. Superstructure Design The bridge design is a shallow suspension bridge in which the view behind the bridge is facilitated by keeping the suspension cables below the bridge deck. The bridge is supported on two river piers through two groups of four 120mm diameter locked coil cables which span from one bank to the other. The three spans of the bridge have different lengths. The middle span which lies between the two piers is 144m long. The north span is 81m long while the south span is 108m in length. Fabricated steel box sections whic h are known as the transverse arms span between the two

Middle Childhood Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Middle Childhood - Research Paper Example Prenatal as well as postnatal biological attentions of the infant dictate much the functional development of the infant’s brain as noted by Benson and Haith (2009). Structural brain development takes place mostly during the prenatal period of the infant’s growth. Biologically, the prenatal experiences of the infant are likely to affect their brain growth directly. These experiences include poor nutrition and poor maternal health. For instance, exposure to pharmacological agents at the prenatal stage may result in the infant showing symptoms of withdrawal in their behavior. The infant may also experience changes in their stress-regulating capabilities which are associated with prenatal maternal stress. Physical health effects include the care needs of the child, the caregiver’s response to the needs of the infant, the infant’s capacity for mental growth and development as well as normal physic of the infant. The temperament factors include behavioral inhibi tions and their physical attributes. Both physical and temperament factors may affect the interaction between the caregivers and the infant thus affecting the caregiver’s response to the infant’s behavior. For instance the caregiver may feel disconnected from the infant, protective of him/her or even drawn to him/her. The physical as well as behavioral attributes of the infant may trigger either negative or positive interactions, or later have exacerbating interactions which are negative. In studying biological effects during infancy it is good to focus on the infant’s behavior and hormonal response. For instance, immature sensory development in infancy is associated with the infant’s social world. Immature limb systems are associated with locomotion at infancy while immature cortex is associated with the search behavior of the infant according to Freedheim (2003). Social/Cultural Issues Related to Infancy Social issues affecting infancy revolve around ac cess to resources as well as support provided by those around the infant’s life. The environment in which the infant lives affects the infant’s needs depending on the availability, prioritization and type of resources. Lower social class leads to a probability of the infant being faced with environmental risks as noted by Benson and Haith (2009). For instance, frequent experiences with poverty negatively influence the infant development at the early stages of life. This is due to the association between psychological and environmental stress. The risks associated with this type of stress such as community violence may affect the infant’s social behavior like being rude or rough in facing life issues. Social factors associated with crowded areas, rural areas and unhealthy living situations limit the infant’s access to necessary resources for development. This is because each of these social environments is characterized with competition for available resou rces. In the context of child development, culture is concerned with the norms used in parenting practices and beliefs. Cultural factors impact the way the infant is taken care of and influence the role of the family in molding the infant’s behavior and beliefs. According to Benson and Haith (2009), despite the fact that there are different cultural backgrounds, there are certain cultural values which are found common across the world. These include, providing safety and good health to the infant, ensuring that the infant

Theories of Child Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theories of Child Development - Essay Example The child goes through certain phases in this development continuum with distinct periods in his life, such as toddler, preschooler, school aged and adolescent, to finally forming his own identity. The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the more popular theories on child development. Discussion Although psychologists have put forward many theories regarding child development, it is the purpose of this brief paper to limit the discussions to only five of the more prominent ones. A child development theory is a set of organized principles designed to help adults understand a child and thereby contribute to his or her development through caring and teaching. The theories can help adults on what are the best ways to teach a child based on the aforesaid principles in the hope they will work to the best ways of bringing up the child, molding his thinking and influence his behavior. Psychologists and scientists are not totally agreed on which theory is the best which is why there a re many theories on child development. ... The strategy is to show to the child good and proper behavior in certain situations so they will know how to act in each situation as they grow older and eventually become adults. A social learning theory emphasizes that actions of parents and peers greatly influence an action of a child where the child acquires new skills and gains knowledge by new information shown by actions. Observation, imitation and modeling are the ways by which a child learns something new. This development theory was propounded by psychologist Albert Bandura as a mixture of behaviorist and cognitive learning theories proposed by other child psychologists. He believed there is cause and effect between external and internal reinforcements such as pride, satisfaction and a sense of fulfillment in a reciprocal loop such as in forming their sexual identities (Bandura, 1986, p. 94). A teacher must exhibit at all times appropriate behavior as children will mimic him or her. Cognitive Development Theory – thi s theory considers the child as a little scientist who goes on his own active role to gain new knowledge. Cognition (the acts or process of perceiving, knowing and making decisions based on experiences) in a child follows four distinct stages, this according to its foremost proponent, Jean Piaget (1896-1980). These are sensorimotor stage (up to age 2), the preoperational stage (up to age 7), concrete stage and formal operational stage. His theory further states that learning is best done by doing, that is interactively and the play process. This theory is applied in most pre-school and kindergarten centers, where kids are taught to have logical and abstract reasoning through use of graphic visualization (Oakley, 2004, p. 13). Socio-cultural Development Theory –

Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Essays - Essay Example He is able indeed, as Aristotle claimed, to show that â€Å"causes were abstract essences that could be found through logical deduction† (Blair Bolles, 1997: p88). Crito blames himself for not doing more to save his friend, but he is motivated more by what others will think because he has not spent enough money to keep his friend safe. His appeals to Socrates are emotive, and suggest that Socrates should consider his own life as greater than reason and logic. Socrates losing his children and his seeming cowardice are raised by Crito in this attempt at persuasion, while the possibility of leaving, facilitated by Crito’s connections, is highlighted to tempt Socrates. Throughout, the power of the majority to do harm is emphasized, and Crito expects Socrates to be very aware of their power over his own life. As his opening point against this persuasion, Socrates presents the contention that the opinions of the majority in the society are at least secondary to the opinions of the reasonable. Despite Crito’s claim that the majority needs to be considered, since it has most power over the life of Socrates at that moment, Socrates continues to believe that the value of a reasoned and logical decision is greater than the value of a popularly held opinion. He contends that the majority cannot always hold sway as good sense is not determined by the number of the people following a particular way of thinking but rather by the value of the thinking itself: it needs to be reasoned and logical. Socrates then develops this line of reasoning to argue that it is valid to recognize that some opinions have more worth than others. Opinions which favor the good are superior to those that favor the bad. When wise people have opinions, they are necessarily good – foolish people will thus have opinions favoring the bad. He then uses an analogy to strengthen this logic. The

Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communication - Assignment Example Dr. Stern proposes opposite view by advocating the marriage institute. She delivers authentic reports from reliable sources Such as Harris polls report. Both of them are very much accurate in providing factual information about traditional and non-traditional marriages in America. Observation comes under the category of qualitative research whereas inference is more associated with quantitative research. Both of their points have a strong platform of observations and inferences. The observation of Prof. Weiss is presented through the example of Adam & Rachael, a couple living together without marriage. The insurance company denied combined policy to them just because they were not married couple. Weiss advocates the theory of individualism with this example, and further points out the same traditional values applied in changing circumstances. The inference is presented by him with legal system of America, Germany and Netherlands. When Dr. Stern propagates her viewpoints, her arguments also are supported by strong evidences and observations. Through her observations she talks about the adverse effect of domestic partnership of society. She also gives the authentic report of Harris Poll about same sex marriages. (57% Americans are against same sex marriage) First person is Prof. Weiss. His observation is based on the case study of a couple living together without marriage and how the law and social system do not legalize their relationship. Second persons observation is naturalistic which is based on the behavioural pattern of individual in natural context. The arguments propounded by both speakers come under deductive arguments. A deductive argument is intended by the arguer to be valid. It provides an assurance of truth in its conclusion. The conclusion made by the two speakers is very strong which has a strong base of evidences of observations and inferences. Prof. Weiss has an

Art Museum of Denver and Clyfford Still Museum Essay

Art Museum of Denver and Clyfford Still Museum - Essay Example One day, during the semester, I went to Clyfford Still Museum. I can say that the trip there was very illuminating and also very interesting. I saw many things and drawings that looked so complicated to understand or make sense of it. One man who works over there told me that the drawings really represented faces of people. I was really puzzled because they didn’t look like human faces. The man told me that symbolic drawing can be complex, but artists get used to it. He showed me a simple drawing, because as he said, compared to other pieces the piece was easy to analyze and understand. The piece was about three people sitting with a woman standing behind them. The colors were very attractive, and that was a switch from symbolic art. The piece really caught my eye and I liked it a lot. It was a canvas oil painting with real thick coat of paint. I took my time analyzing and reflecting on the painting to understand if there was any hidden explanation. Actually, the woman was not really standing. She was kneeling down next to the men. Looking closer always clarifies things in art. When I looked in the back of the picture I noticed that the sky was very dark and gloomy because the colors were dark blues and dark grays with some orange or red in the horizontal scope. Finally, I realized because of the orange and red colors that the time of the setting of the painting was at down or dusk, because we see this mix of colors at those two times.

Sigmund Freud Essay Example for Free

Sigmund Freud Essay Sigmund Freud was an Austrian physician, neurologist, and founder of psychoanalysis, who created an entirely new approach to the understanding of human personality. Through his skill as a scientist, physician and writer, he combined ideas prevalent at the time with his own observation and study to produce a major theory of psychology (Encarta, â€Å"Sigmund Freud†). Sigmund Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression. He is also renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life which is directed toward a wide variety of objects; as well as his therapeutic techniques, including his theory of transference in the therapeutic relationship and the presumed value of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires. II. Psychoanalysis Freuds account of the sexual genesis and nature of neuroses led him naturally to develop a clinical treatment for treating such disorders. This has become so influential today that when people speak of psychoanalysis they frequently refer exclusively to the clinical treatment; however, the term properly designates both the clinical treatment and the theory which underlies it. The aim of the method may be stated simply in general terms to re-establish a harmonious relationship between the three elements which constitute the mind by excavating and resolving unconscious repressed conflicts (http://www. iep. utm. edu/f/freud. htm). a. The Id, Superego, and Ego The mind is broken down into three divisions: the Id, Ego, and Superego. The Id is the component of the personality that is completely unconscious and contains all the instincts. The Id is what Freud referred to as the basic animalistic drive that a person is born with. It satisfies the wants of hunger, thirst, elimination, sex and reproduction (libido). Freud referred to the libido as the psychic energy associated with the sexual instinct. He later expanded the concept to include the energy associated with all the life instincts. The Superego is the moral component of the personality. It likes to feel in control. This is what predicts the consequences of the actions you are thinking about making. The Superego develops its morals through socialization. The Ego is the mediator between the Id and Superego. It allows the Id to experience enough pleasure so it doesn’t become anxious and also so that the Superego won’t give the Id too hard of a guilt trip. Adolescents who have weak ego strength tend to have behavioral problems. b. The Conscious, Subconscious, and Unconscious The conscious is the part of your mind that is what you are currently thinking. This is how you are able to see the professor and associate him with his voice. The subconscious is the level where information is stored that you don’t use all the time. Information at this level can be retrieved easily though. The unconscious is where dramatic information is stored so that a person will not remember it. It is constantly pushing this information out of the unconscious level into the conscious level. c. Defense Mechanisms Defense mechanisms are the rational approaches of the ego to reduce or remove anxiety. All of the following mechanisms have two things in common. The first common thing is that all of the ego-defense mechanisms are all unconscious and the person is unaware that they are doing this. The second is that they falsify or distort reality. i. Repression Repression is the mechanism by which the ego prevents anxiety-provoking thoughts from being entertained on the conscious level. For Freud, the mechanism of repression was of vital importance because repressed thoughts do not stop having an influence on our personality, but they are simply not readily available in the consciousness. The recognition of the wider needs and scientific issues which his empirical study of mens unconscious motives brought to light, together with the increasing realization of the therapeutic difficulties involved in many of his cases, doubtless augmented Freuds determination to search out to the utmost every indication of repressed sexuality, . and this brought him much criticism, which was only relatively sound (Putnam, 153). ii. Displacement Displacement is the substitution of one need satisfier for another. For example, the ego may substitute an available object for one that is not available, or it may substitute a non anxiety-provoking object or activity for one that does cause anxiety. With displacement, what a person truly desires is repressed and is replaced with something safer. iii. Identification Identification can be used to describe the tendency to increase personal feelings of worth by affiliating oneself with psychologically with a person, group, or institution perceived as illustrious. iv. Denial of Reality Denial of Reality is the mechanism that involves the denial of some fact in one’s life despite abundant evidence for its reality. A person using this mechanism is not in touch with at least some part of reality and this could impair normal functioning. An example would include the refusal to believe a loved one has died due to their negative attributes. v. Projection Projection is the mechanism by which something that is true of the person and would cause anxiety if it were recognized is repressed and projection onto someone or something else instead. It is the repressing anxiety-provoking truths about oneself and seeing them in others instead. This is most commonly seen. There are some people who will refuse to blame themselves for their failures; instead they put the blame on someone or something else. vi. Undoing Undoing is when a person commits an unacceptable act, or thinks about doing so, and then engages in ritualistic activities designed to atone for or undo the unacceptable act or thought. An example of this can even be read in the Bible, when Pontius Pilate â€Å"washes his hands clean† after condemning Jesus to be crucified, knowing full well he was innocent. vii. Reaction Formation Reaction formation is the inhibition of an anxiety-provoking thought by exaggerating its opposite. People who tend to display reaction formation are more intense and extravagant in their emotions. viii. Rationalization Rationalization is the mechanism when a person gives a rational, logical, however incorrect, excuse for behavior or thoughts that otherwise would cause anxiety. ix. Intellectualization Intellectualization is the defense mechanism that minimizes the negative emotions that are associated with an event by detached, logical analysis of the event. x. Regression Regression is the mechanism of returning to an earlier stage of development when stress is encountered. This is most commonly seen when a person is fixated in one of the earlier stages of psychosexual development, which will be discussed later in this paper. xi. Altruistic surrender Altruistic surrender is a defense mechanism postulated by Anna Freud by which a person internalizes the values of another person and lives his or her life in accordance with those values. xii. Identification with the aggressor Identification with the aggressor was another mechanism postulated by Anna Freud by which the fear caused by a person is reduced or eliminated by internalizing the feared person’s values and mannerisms. III. Psychosexual Theory Freud believed every child goes through a sequence of developmental stages, and the child’s experiences during these stages determine adult personality characteristics. In fact, Freud believed that for all practical purposes, the adult personality is formed by the end of the fifth year of life (Hergenhahn, 40). The psychosexual theory, Freud believed, is made up of five main parts: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital. During each of these five stages, a person is said to have a specific erogenous area, which is the body part that is the source of pleasure. If a child is either over gratified or under gratified during the stage they are in, they then develop a certain fixation. A fixation is identified as the point to which an adult regresses under stress. A fixation is more likely to occur during the first three stages. It is the libido which undergoes a process of historical development in each human from infancy through adolescence to adulthood in a series of â€Å"plateaus† which Freud called Psychosexual Stages of Development. But just what happens to the libido as it passes through the various stages of psychosexual development led Freud to a more generalized theory of the Neuroses, and to his first clear-cut affirmation of the philosophy of Dualism (Pasotti, 46). a. Oral The oral stage was said to occur between birth and around twelve to eighteen months. The erogenous area during this stage is the mouth. At this point, the infant is pure id that just has two simple fears: falling and abandonment. They are dependent on other people to fulfill their pleasure. This first stage can be broken down into two stages: Oral Incorporative and Oral Sadistic. The Oral Incorporative stage occurs during the first six months of life. The Id experiences pleasure by sucking, tasting, swallowing, and getting a full stomach. It is crucial that the child experiences enough pleasure without becoming frustrated. If the child gets anxiety without getting pleasure, it will then fixate here since it has not received enough pleasure. This can be witnessed in adults who are smokers and those who are in constant need of liquids. The Oral Sadistic stage occurs during the last five to six months of the oral stage. The Id now experiences its pleasure through chewing. It also doesn’t like to experience pain. This is why infants like teething rings, so that they can bite down on them to decrease the pain they are feeling. It also gets pleasure at gnawing on whatever it can. Those who are fixated here are often seen chewing on either pen caps, toothpicks, and their nails. b. Anal The anal stage was said to occur between twelve to eighteen months until three years. It experiences pleasure through the urge and feeling of needing to go to the bathroom. For them it is as near to feeling back in the womb as anything else. During this stage is when a person has their first encounter with the Superego. This occurs when the parents say that you are no longer allowed to go to the bathroom in your diapers. Some parents tend to get potty training done quickly and too early. These parents usually ridicule their child if they are unable to get it right and are often too rigid. Other parents can also be really relaxed when it comes to training their children and it occurs too late and with little control. There are two possible outcomes if a child becomes fixated during the anal stage of development. The anal-retentive personality is the fixation of the children whose parents were too strict during their potty training. These people have the constant need for control; they must have everything under control, organized, in order, and pay excessive attention to detail. The opposite fixation results in an anal-expulsive personality, as a result of their parents being too relaxed with their potty training. These people have a lack of self control, and usually tend to be messy and careless. A good example of these opposites can be seen when you watch the television show The Odd Couple. Felix would be the example of the anal-retentive personality, while Oscar is the example of a person who has an anal-expulsive personality. c. Phallic The phallic stage occurs between three to either five or six years of age. The pleasure during this stage is an emotional sexual reaction, which occurs through the attachment to the parent of the opposite sex. For boys during this stage it is referred to as the Oedipal stage. For girls during this stage it is referred to as the Electra complex. During the Oedipal stage, the boys show sexual emotional attachment with their mothers that result in them to become resistant to their fathers. During the Electra complex, girls show sexual emotional attachment toward their fathers that result in them to feel resentment towards their mothers, who are accused of robbing them of their time with their fathers. Freud thought this to be a natural process. This lays the foundation for how they will function with the opposite sex down the road. Fixation occurs when the boys feel that they are not close enough to the mother, which cause trouble with women later. If the mother had avoided him he will feel that all women will avoid him. However, if the mother is too attached the boy will feel that no other woman can compare to her. Fixation in girls occurs when they are not close enough to the father, resulting in trouble trusting men later if her father avoided her. If the father is too close, however, the girl will marry someone who is like her father, but doesn’t compare to him. Boys suffer a castration anxiety, where the son believes his father knows about his desire for his mother and hence fears his father will castrate him. He thus represses his desire and defensively identifies with his father. Girls suffer a penis envy, where the daughter is initially attached to her mother, but then a shift of attachment occurs when she realizes she lacks a penis. She desires her father whom she sees as a means to obtain a penis substitute (a child). She then represses her desire for her father and incorporates the values of her mother and accepts her inherent inferiority in society. (http://changingminds. org/explanations/learning/freud_stage. htm) d. Latency This stage occurs between the ages of six and twelve years of age. During this stage sexual feelings are repressed and are substituted with other activities. This is the time where the boys become close friends with their fathers and when the girls become closer with their mothers. During this stage, Freud said, is when they are learning how they should act when they become an adult. e. Genital This stage begins at puberty, around the age of twelve, and continues throughout the rest of life. Around the age of twelve the reproductive organs will finish developing. The child grows out of their selfish, pleasure-seeking needs and becomes a realistic adult that is a part of society. IV. Dream Analysis Dream analysis, which Freud talked about in his book The Interpretation of Dreams, is what most people believe to be his most important contribution. According to him, a dream is caused when the events of the day activate unacceptable impulses in the unconscious mind, causing them to seek conscious expression. The two most important types of dream work are condensation and displacement. Condensation occurs when a dream element represents several ideas at the same time, for example one person in a dream can represent multiple people in the dreamer’s waking life. Displacement occurs when an unacceptable dream-thought is replaced by a thought that is symbolically equivalent but is considered more acceptable. By general consensus â€Å"The Interpretation of Dreams† was Freud’s major work, the one by which his name will probably be longest remembered. Freuds own opinion would seem to have agreed with this judgment. As he wrote in his preface to the third English edition, Insight such as this falls to ones lot but once in a lifetime. It was a perfect example of serendipity, for the discovery of what dreams mean was made quite incidentallyone might almost say accidentallywhen Freud was engaged in exploring the meaning of the psychoneuroses (Jones, 350) V. Conclusion Today, Freud’s method is only one among many types of psychotherapy used in psychiatry. Many objections have been leveled against traditional psychoanalysis, both for its methodological rigidity and for its lack of theoretical rigor. A number of modern psychologists have pointed out that traditional psychoanalysis relies too much on ambiguities for its data, such as dreams and free associations. Without empirical evidence, Freudian theories often seem weak, and ultimately fail to initiate standards for treatment (Columbia Encyclopedia, â€Å"Psychoanalysis†). VI. Works cited Books †¢ Hergenhahn, B. R, An Introduction to Theories of Personality, Seventh Edition. Upper Saddle Ridge, New Jersey: Prentice Hall 2007. †¢ Jones, Ernest, â€Å"The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud: The Formative Years and the Great Discoveries,† 1856-1900 Vol. 1. 1953. †¢ Pasotti, Robert N, The Major Works of Sigmund Freud: A Critical Commentary. New York, New York: Monarch Press 1974. Journals/Magazines †¢ Putnam, James J, â€Å"The theories of Freud, Jung and Adler: 1. The work of Sigmund Freud,† Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. 12, Issue 3. August 1917, pp. 145-160 †¢ Renterghem, A. W. Van, â€Å"Freud and his school: New paths of psychology,† Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. 9, Issue: 6, February 1915. pp. 369-384 Encyclopedias †¢ Encarta, â€Å"Sigmund Freud,† 2007. †¢ The Columbia Encyclopedia, â€Å"Psychoanalysis,† 2007. Internet †¢ http://changingminds. org/explanations/learning/freud_stage. htm †¢ http://www. iep. utm. edu/f/freud. htm

Two Views on Domesticity Essay Example for Free

Two Views on Domesticity Essay In Joan Williams book â€Å"Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do About It†, she defines domesticity as â€Å"a gender system comprising most centrally of both the particular organization of market work and family work that arose around 1780, and the gender norms that justify, sustain, and reproduce that organization. † (1) Throughout the book, Williams seeks to redefine the very meaning of domesticity and how it affects both men and women. The author of the article â€Å"Gender, Status, and Feeling†, seeks to explain how men and women navigate their emotional minefields and why it affects their respective statuses in society. While Williams and the author of â€Å"Gender, Status, and Feeling† differ on the reasons why women are seen as being on a lower pedestal than men, they both agree that women do a good job of dealing the hand they are dealt, for the most part. It is obvious that Williams sympathy lies toward the female half of the population. In the introduction, Williams cites several statistics that shows the reader how women are victimized by the â€Å"ideal worker† norm. The author defines an ideal worker as someone who works forty hours a week year round. (2) She goes on to explain how this norm excludes most â€Å"mothers of childbearing age. †(2) One statistic cited states that â€Å" two-thirds (Williams emphasis) [of mothers] are not ideal workers even in the minimal sense of working full time full year. † (2) Another statistic cited states that 93 percent of mothers are excluded from jobs that require â€Å"extensive overtime. † (2) With sobering statistics like these, Williams tries to show that against towering odds, mothers of childbearing age arent able to compete in the market workplace with men. Williams unequivocally states that she wants to â€Å"democratize access to domesticity. † (174) She then goes on to state that â€Å"a restructuring of market work will give to working class women and women of color greater access to the parental care that remains a widespread social ideal. † (174) This is an interesting idea because earlier in the book, Williams ripped apart a womans book because the author made certain life and career choices that didnt seem palatable to Williams for some reason. Deborah Fallows, a successful linguist in her own right, went down to part time hours, then quit altogether, when her son was born. She wrote a book called A Mothers Work, which described the journey that she took from successful career woman to stay-at-home mom. For some reason, Williams doesnt believe Fallows would happily give up her career for her son and husband, a high powered White House aide. Williams states: â€Å"Thus Fallows presents (authors emphasis) her decision to stay home as a choice she made to improve her own emotional state She quit both to avoid negative feelings and to experience positive ones, as leaving gave her more time â€Å"to partake of the pleasures of [Tommys] company. † (19) Williams sees Fallows choice to stay home as a prime example of how domesticity saturates even the upper levels of society. Williams goes so far as to attack Fallows view on child care. On page 32, Williams wonders why Fallows would be against day care in general when her own experience was positive: â€Å"It is hard to see why the low quality of child care for the poor explains Fallows decision to stay home. † It seems as if Williams is having a really hard time trying to figure out why an upper class woman like Fallows would give up everything she was working for in order to stay home with her child. If staying at home with the kids is okay for poor and working class women, why isnt it okay for a woman like Fallows? On the surface, Williams seems to be fighting for women all across the economic spectrum. However, underneath lies a subtle streak of the same sort of classist attitudes that Williams pins on some feminists later on in her book. With Williams raging against the machine of domesticity, one would think that the author would lash out at the male half of the population. Surprisingly, she doesnt do this. Williams feels that men are also the victims of domesticitys ideas of the ideal worker as well as domesticitys view in other areas of society. For example, on page 3, Williams explains how women generally lose out when it comes to financial support after divorce: â€Å"Mothers marry, marginalize, and then divorce in a system that typically defines womens and childrens postdivorce entitlements in terms of their basic â€Å"needs†, while mens entitlements reflect the assumption (derived from domesticity) that they â€Å"own† their ideal-worker wage. † In this case, Williams chooses not to point the finger at an easy target (men). Instead, she blames a system that allows men to keep the vast majority of their earnings while â€Å"40 percent of divorced mothers live in poverty. † (3) Williams even blames domesticity for the lack of parenting prowess on the part of some men. Again, Williams cites some statistics that shows how domesticity changed attitudes on parenting: â€Å"One study estimated that an average American father spends twelve minutes a day in solo child care. Another reported that mothers spend about three times as much time as fathers in face-to-face interaction with their children. † (3) The author then gives a short history lesson on how exactly did domesticity changed the face of parenting for both men and women: child rearing was considered too important to be left to women, and child-rearing manuals addressed fathers. Men were actively involved, in part because market work and family work were not yet geographically separated, so that fathers generally worked closer to home than most do today In a society that viewed women as the â€Å"weaker vessel,† it made no sense to delegate childrens health, well-being, and eternal souls to the exclusive sphere of women. (3) It seems as if Williams is yearning for a simpler time when fathers could take off work for a few moments and read a story to his children. This isnt a perfect scenario. After all, women were seen as inferior second class citizens who werent capable of molding the minds of her children. What Williams is actually wishing for is a time where the ideas of domesticity didnt interfere with the way that fathers tended to their children. While Joan Williams is sounding a battle cry, the author of the article â€Å"Gender, Status, and Feeling† is blowing a whistle. In the article, the author attempts to explain not only how men and women handle their emotions, but how women use their emotions to navigate a society that still sees them as second class citizens. One thing that Williams and the author article would agree on is that the female half of the population is usually seen as an afterthought in our society. This point would be where the two authors viewpoints diverge. First, the author of the article argues that women use their emotions as a means to an end. In a society that doesnt value a lot of their contributions, some women have found other ways to survive: lacking other resources, women make a resource out of feeling and offer it to men as a gift in return for the more material resources they lack. For example, in 1980 only 6 percent of women but 50 percent of men earned over $15,000 a year. (GSF 163) From this passage, one can see that the author feels that women readily adapted to the hand they were dealt. The author doesnt even seem to think this is a bad thing. They see this manipulation of their emotional palette more as a means of survival. The author even theorizes as to why women are believed to have been born with what Williams calls an â€Å"ethic of care†: As for many others of lower status, it has been in the womans interest to be the better actor. As the psychologists would say, the techniques of deep acting have unusually high â€Å"secondary† gains. Yet these skills have long been mislabeled â€Å"natural†, a part of womens â€Å"being† rather than something of her own making. (GSF 167) Williams would disagree with part of this authors statement. While the author of the article and Williams both believe that the place of women in society is based on societal beliefs, Williams states in her book that the ideas that domesticity has planted is the sole reason for this. For example, on page 182, William says that â€Å" women need to be selfless only because they live in a system that marginalizes caregivers. † In other words, women have no choice but to be selfless caregivers. In her book, Williams does everything she can to fight the societal belief that all women are born with an ethic of care. The author of â€Å"Gender, Status, and Feeling†, however, not only thinks that women are born with this innate need to nurture, but that it comes in handy when women become mothers: â€Å" more women at all class levels do unpaid labor of a highly interpersonal sort. They nurture, manage and befriend children. More â€Å"adaptive† and â€Å"cooperative†, they address themselves better to the needs of those who are not yet able to adapt and cooperate much themselves. †(GSF 170) The author of the article uses the example of male and female flight attendants to illustrate how society views men and women in a position of authority. The author reported that when a female flight attendant makes a request of a passenger, the passengers would usually argue with them. When a male flight attendant was called over to help, the request was usually granted with no problem. Williams claims that most people arent able to help this phenomenon: â€Å"Thirty years of second-wave feminism have seen many accomplishments, but dislodging the ideology of domesticity is not one of them. Most people, feminists or not, believe some version of domesticitys descriptions of men and women. † (193) Williams and the author of â€Å"Gender, Status, and Feeling† would disagree about a lot of things. Williams is a head strong feminist whose goal is to change the core beliefs of society. The author of the article believes that women have used their emotional palettes to adapt to their marginalized role in society and doesnt say whether this survival tactic should be a thing of the past. One thing that is evident in both Williams book and the article is the belief that women throughout history have been resilient in working the hand they are dealt and will continue this tradition as long as society pushes their half to the outermost margins. Works Cited Williams, Joan. Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do About It. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000 â€Å"Gender, Status, and Feeling† (article)

The Prevalence of Microorganisms in Hospital Wards

The Prevalence of Microorganisms in Hospital Wards CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Hospital acquired infection are also known as nosocomial infection are infections acquired from healthcare services (hospitals) during treatment, which are secondary to the patients original condition. The source and spread of organisms inside the hospital are important issues, human related organisms or the body flora, also found in clothing are spread through shedding during human activities(Ekhaise et al., 2010). Although many such infections occur in patients, infections acquired at work by staff members also are considered nosocomial infections. Many factors can contribute to the acquisition of nosocomial infections, and no single factor or condition to explain why they occur. The most significant factor for determining the outcome of infection is the immunological state of the host. The nosocomial infections are often related to therapeutic and diagnostic procedures that are routinely employed in health care. For more than a century, this issue has been recognized as a critical problem which affects the quality of healthcare and a principal source of adverse outcomes. The patients who are immunocompromised are often hospitalized and undergo invasive examination and treatments thus hospital environment may facilitate the transmission of microorganisms among patients. The intense use of antibiotic promotes antibiotic resistance for the pathogenic microorganisms whereas changes in the medical practices continually present new opportunities for the development of infection (Dilip Kumar et al., 2013). According to Baveja in 2002, the term hospital acquired infection, hospital- associated infection, hospital infection or nosocomial infection(nosocomion,meaning hospital) is defined as infection developing in patients after admission to the hospital ,which was neither present nor in the incubation period at the time of hospitalization . Such infections may become evident during their stay in the hospital or sometimes after their discharge. According to Gupte in 2006, sources of hospital acquired infection are infecting microorganisms from fellow patients which may be multidrug resistant, infecting organisms from hospital staff, infecting organisms from instrument, blood products, intravenous fluid, from patient’s normal flora, etc, insects are also source multidrug infection, organism may be present in air, dust, water, antiseptic solution, food, surfaces contaminated by patient’s secretions, blood fluid, etc. In all over the world weather it is a developing or developed countries, this hospital acquired infection have assumed worrisome proportions in all healthcare scenarios (Col Shivinder Singh, et al 2015). As much as 80% of the estimated hospital deaths are related either directly or indirectly from Hospital Acquired Infection (Hughes et al, 2005). Patients are likely to get sick in hospital due to wide variety of microorganisms which are responsible for many different kinds of hospital infection. Thus during the stay of patients in the hospital it has become increasingly unsafe place. Thus infection has become a significant health hazard and requires great expense for final outcome of treatment. Infection safety (IC) is a quality standard which is essential for safety of patients, staff and visitors. It involves issues like clinical governance, risk management, quality of health and safety which affects most departments of the hospital (Dhayana Sharon Ross et al., 2014). Hospi ­tals have the potential for pathogen spread because they have contact with instruments, medical furniture, medical staff, skin, air, physical facilities and drainage. Contaminated environment are the main cause for such pathogens thus strict safety biosecurity procedures is to be applied (Mazzali M et al., 2003). The common nosocomial infections are mainly include urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, respiratory tract infections, blood stream infections, skin infections, gastrointestinal tract infections and central nervous system infections. These are mainly caused by Staphylococci, Pseudomonas, E.coli etc. And the common antibiotic resistant nosocomial infections include the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and Vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE). Many different environmental factors may either help or prevent the transmission of microorganisms. Hospital environment are the one where both infected person and persons who is at increased risk of infection assemble (Mayon et al., 1988) Today HAIs affects more than 2million patients annually, at a cost of 4.5 billion (Apostolopoulou and Veldekis 2005). The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of microorganisms in hospital wards of National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) Bangalore. Many different wards such as female neurology ward, male neurology ward, male neurosurgery ward, female neurosurgery ward, male pshyciatry ward, female pshyciatry ward, paediatric neurology ward, paediatric neurosurgery ward, de- addiction ward, short stay ward, head injury ward and step down ward was chosen for the study due to its high patronage by patients from all over India. Labs such as clinical microbiology lab, fluorescent microscope room, NABL room, bactec room and neuromicrobiology lab was also taken into consideration in order to ascertain the nature of microorganisms present. REVIEW OF LITERATURE When we think about hospital, one thing comes to our mind is â€Å"Hospital is the place for cure†. This revolutionary idea of treating the patients under the same roof was considered to ease the job of healing. But due to lack of knowledge of sterilization and antisepsis, it turned wrong in Pre- Listerian era leading to gangrene and death of patients which were suffering from wounds. Due to this reason a new discipline was emerged called as senics which was mainly dealing with the Hospital Acquired Infection (Nosocomial Infection). Semmelwis in 1861 with the help of medical officer and students observed the association of Puerperal sepsis in patients. Thus by the introduction of hand washing with chlorinated lime, he was successful to bring dramatic reduction in infection rate. Hospital acquired infection (HAI) are infections acquired during hospitalization, which are not present at eh time of admission (Atata et al, 2006). Due to its increased mortality and morbidity in the hospital patients these HAIs are of significant cause. HAIs are also caused due to prolonged hospital stay which are inconvenient for the patient and constitute economic burden on health care (Malhotra S, et al 2014). Dancer in 1999,depicts that microorganisms which are associated with hospital acquired infection displays two important characteristics, firstly those are the pathogens of well-established medical importance and secondly they also can withstand the hospital environment which benefits them outside temperature. Thus providing an appropriate environment niche for their survival until they transfer back to patients. Some pathogens originate from patients own flora especially those who are immunocompromised whereas others can survive in human tissues and thus rely upon person to person spread in order to disseminate. The patients who are immunocompromised due to underlying diseases, medical or surgical treatment, age are typically affected by nosocomial infections. In pediatric ICU, the hospital acquired infections are approximately three times higher than elsewhere in hospitals (Weistein 2006). Pathogen transference occurs most commonly by presence of bacterial or fungi in inanimate surfaces and equipment or between the hands of health professionals and patients (Kayabas et al., 2008). The transmission of microorganisms from hands of health care workers, medical equipment and surfaces which has become contaminated with a wide variety of pathogenic and nonpathogenic organisms has become a significant proportion of hospital environment infection which ultimately results in crosscontamination (Sehulster et al., 2003). When compared to other hospital patients, the patients who are hospitalized in ICUs are 5-10 times more likely to acquire nosocomial infection. The risk of infection and the frequency of infection vary by infection site. The increasing incidence of infection is caused mainly by antibiotic-resistant pathogens leading to seriousness of hospital acquired infection (Weber 2006). Some of the common human pathogens like, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter spp, En ­ terococcus spp and Escherichia coli can survive for longer periods of time on the hospital surfaces or formites that can potentially transmit infectious organisms(Kramer et al., 2006). The primary sources of indoor air contamination are the microorganisms. When compared to outside air environment, the indoor air environment can potentially place patients a greater risk because enclosed spaces can confine aerosols and allow them to build up to infectious level. The relative humidity and/ or the moisture content of the materials determine that to what extent different micro-organisms are able to grow on indoor or outdoor materials (Dhanasekaran et al., 2009). Adebolu and Vhriterhire in 2002 reported that magnitude of hospital acquired infection is dependent upon the number and type of visitors, mechanical movement within the enclosed space, quality of hospital systems and level of hygienic conditions in hospital environment. Hand hygiene has been considered to be the most important tool in nosocomial infections control. One of the significant contributors to the outbreaks of this hospital environment infection is failure to perform appropriate hand hygiene. Resident and transient microorganisms are known to be the natural microflora of the skin of hands. The resident microorganisms survive and multiply on skin and does not cause any harm to human flora whereas transient microorganisms represent recent contamination of hands which is acquired from colonized or infected patients/clients or contaminated environment or equipment. These transient microorganisms are not isolated consistently from most of the persons. When compared to resident microorganisms, the transient microorganisms which are found on the hands of health care personnel will become as a primary source of infections. Gram negative coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus has been known to be the most common transient microorganisms (Sarmad et al. , 2009). Appropriate hand washing results in reduced incidence of both nosocomial and community infection (Kampf et al., 2004). BIBILOGRAPHY Dhyana Sharon Ross., Dr. S. Vasantha. 2014. A Study on hospital acquired infections (HAI), control and management. International journal of innovative research in science, engineering and technology. 3(1): 2319-8753. Atata, R.F., Ibrahim, Y.K.E., Akanbi II, A.A., Urinola, P.F., and Saui.A. 2006. Prevalence of nosocomial infections in a tertiary health care institution in Nigeria (2000-2002), Journal of applied and environmental sciences. 2(2): 212-215. Malhotra S, Sharma S, Hans C. 2014. Prevalence of hospital acquired infections in a tertiary care hospital in India. International journal of medicine and medical sciences. 1(7): 2315-9844. Col Shivindra Singh, Col Rakhee Goyal, Brig G.S Ramesh, Maj Gen V., Ravishankar, Gp Capt R.M. Sharma, Maj D.V. Bhargava, Lt Col S.k. Singh, Maj M.K. John, Surg Lt Cdr Anoop Sharma. 2015. Medical journal armed forces India. 71: 28-32. Hughes AJ, Ariffin N, Huat T.L., Abdul Molok H, Hashim S, Sarijo J, Abdul Latif N.H., Abu Hanifah Y, Kamarulzaman A. 2005. Prevalence of nosocomial infection and antibiotic use at a university medical center in Malaysia. Infection Control Hospital Epidemiolgy. 26:100-4. Dancer S J. 1999. Mopping up hospital infection. Journal of hospital infection. 85-90. Robert F. Boyd, J.Joseph Mare. 1990. Medical Microbiology. Little, Brown and Company Boston. 1980. (1), 701-713. C.P Baveja. 2005. Arya publication. 2. Dileep Kumar Sharma, yogendra Kumar Tiwari, Nitya Vyas, Rakesh Kumar Maheshwari. 2013. An investigation of the incidence of Nosocomial infection among the patients admitted in the intensive care unit of tertiary care hospital in Rajhastan, India. International Journal of Current microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2(10): 428-435. Adebolu, T.T. and K.J. Vhriterhire. 2002. Survery of the microbial flora of the Ondo State Specialist Hospital Environment, Akure, Nigeria. National Journal of Microbiology 16(112): 91-94. F.O.Ekhaise, E.E.Isitor, O.Idehen, A.O.Emoghene. 2010. Airborne microflora in the atmosphere of an hospital environment of University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH),Benin City, Nigeria. World journal of Agriculture Sciences 6(2): 166-170. Ekhaise, F.O., O.U. Ighosewe, O.D. Ajakpori. 2008. Hospital indoor airborne microflora in private and government owned hospitals in Benin City, Nigeria. World Journal of Medical Science. 3(1): 34-38. Dutkiewicz, J. M. Augustowska. 2006. Variability of airborne microflora in a hospital ward with a period of one year. Annals of Agriculture and Environmental Medicine. 13: 99-106. Sehulster L, Chinn RY. 2003. Guidelines for environmental infection control in healthcare facilities. Recommendation of CDC and the healthcare Infection Control Practice Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recommendation and Report. 52(RR-10):1-42. Kayabas U, Bayraktar M, Otlu B, Ugras M, Ersoy Y, Bayindir Y. 2008. An outbreak of pseudomonas aeruginosa because of inadequate disinfection procedures in a urology unit: a Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis based epidemiologic study. American Journal of Infection Control. 36(1): 33-8. Kramer A, Schwebke I, Kampf G. 2006. How long do Nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infectious Disease. 6:130. Sarmad, M.H Zeiny. 2009. Isolation of some Microorganisms from Bar Soaps and Liquid Soaps in Hospital Environments. Iraqi Journal of pharmaceutical Sciences. 18(1). 18.Muller J.H., J. Hinton. 1941. A protein-free medium for primary isolation of gonococcus and meningococcus. Proceedings of the society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 48:3330-333. 19.M.H.Gordon, T.G.M. Hine. 1016. An experimental study of the cultural requirements of the Meningococcus. British Medical Journal. 2(2916): 678-684. 20.Baure, A.L., M.M. Kirby, J.C Sherris, M. Turck. 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 45:493-896. Not Written in Referrence. Apostolopoulou, E., and Veldekis, D. 2005. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in intensive care unit: excess nursing workload, extra costs. Icus Nurs Web J.. Gupte S. The short text book of medical microbiology.Japyee brothers medical publishers (p) ltd: New Delhi; 2006. 471-473. Weinstein.A.Nosocomial infections Update.www.ftp.cdc.gov/pub/eid/ vol4no3/adobe/weinstein.pdf . March-2006. Weber. Nosocomial infections in the ICU-the growing concern of antibioticresistant pathogen. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/guerv.fcgi. April- 2006. MacFaddin J.F,. 1985. Media for isolation-Cultivation-Identification-Maintenance of Medical Bacteria. Vol.1, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore

Hunting is a Crime, Not a Sport :: English Literature Essays

How many animals will be slaughtered before it is decided too many are dead? Will species die out and fade into obscurity? Isn't it our job to prevent this from occurring? With the large prevalence of hunters in today's world, it is time to define what hunting is. Hunting is not a sport due to the waste of precious animal lives, moral ethics, and its inability to follow the definition of a sport. The dictionary defines a sport as "an activity involving physical exertion and skill that is governed by a set of rules and often undertaken competitively"(Dictionary.com). Under this definition, hunting is considered a sport, although this definition seems to be lacking a few main points. When surveyed, many people thought that a sport should be fair to both sides. There should always be a chance for the other team to win, otherwise there would not be a point. Also, a sport should be fun for both sides. If it is not, then the sport stops being recreational. A third addition is the fact that people participate in sports by choice. An animal does not choose to be hunted, it is chosen by the hunter. Therefore, looking at the new definition, it would seem that hunting is no longer a sport: it is unfair to the animal, the animal is definitely not having fun and the animal has absolutely no choice about participating. In previous centuries, First Nations peoples hunted animals throughout Canada. When they killed an animal, they would honour its spirit. This was done because they believed that all creatures, including humans, were equal in life. One of the ways they honoured the animal's spirit was to use every portion of the body. They would use the skin for clothing or shelter, the stomach for cooking, the meat for eating and many other portions for various uses. They would waste nothing, and this practice continued for hundreds of years. It still exists today. Many modern day sport hunters do not follow this ideal. A lot of hunters stuff and mount their kills as trophies, or decorations. This is a waste of the animal. Before the dead animal is stuffed, the taxidermist removes the internal organs and scrapes the skin clean. The waste is then dumped into a garbage bin and disposed of. This is an enormous waste of the animal. While some hunters do eat the animals they kill, and use most of it, the majority do not.

Global Health Threats Assessment Essay -- Climate Change

Until recently, disaster scholars have been scarcely engaged in climate change debates. Absent from disaster management discussion, scientific assessments on climate change have mainly involved scientists and experts in environment and energy posing key questions including whether or not climate change is systematic or accidental? And what role can be attributed to emissions of greenhouse gases caused by humans? Which models can tell us about future developments? And how much reduction in emissions is necessary to mitigate the risks of climate change? Further, these scenarios are typically taken in the context of 50–100 year time scales and for large areas such as â€Å"Europe† or â€Å"North America.† These projections about globally significant changes are difficult to comprehend and not easy for people translate into real life (1). More importantly, it has become more evident that climate change will not express itself primarily through slow shifts in conditio ns over a long period of time, but instead in more imminent climate related disasters. The need for action has become more necessary than ever as an increasing human population puts more and more people and their assets in the path of these disasters, raising the economic risk of such events (2). Maarten van Aalst (3) discusses mounting evidence that it is more imminent events such as floods, droughts and heat waves that society must quickly prepare for. Already in the past ten years, weather-related natural hazards have been the cause of 90% of natural disasters and 60% of related deaths and have been responsible for 98% of the impacts on disaster-affected populations, the majority in developing countries (4). The World Meteorological Organization reported (5) that the year 2005 b... ...logical Organization, 2006. 6. Hyogo framework for action 2005-2015: Building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. Kobe, Hyogo, Japan: United Nations Internation Strategy for Disaster Reduction, 2005. 7. Hilhorst D Bankoff G. Mapping vulnerability: Disaster, development and people. London: Earthscan; 2004. 8. Schipper L Pelling M. Disaster risk, climate change and international development: Scope for, and challenges to, integration. Disasters. 2006;30(1):19-38. 9. Rodolfo KS Siringan FP. Global sea-level rise is recognised, but flooding from anthropogenic land subsidence is ignored around norther manila bay, philippeines. Disasters. 2006;30(1):118-39. 10. Thomalla F Downing T, Spanger-Siegfried et al. Reducing hazard vulnerability: Towards a common approach between disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation. Disasters. 2006;30(1):39-48.

Essay --

Dune is a novel by Frank Herbert about the rising of a messiah. The planets Dune, also called Arrakis, and Caladan serve as the setting for the story. The novel takes place in the far future, a dystopian future where humans are trained to function like computers of old, which have been banned from being built after a popular uprising against machines known as the Butlerian Jihad. Paul Maud'Dib is shown to be the Messiah the Fremen are searching for in that he starts the terraforming of Dune, the fact that he parallels Christ, his changing of the culture of the Fremen, and the fact that his genes mark him for greatness, and the irony of the Baron's actions. Ecology is a strong literary element in the novel Dune. plays a quite large part in Dune. Dune is a desert world, a sterile planet, devoid of life. Not uUntil one goes underneath the surface of Dune, then a whole new ecosystem is seen, based around water or the avoidance of it. Fremen use technology called "stillsuits" to conserve their body's water. Stillsuits recycle any moisture that is excreted by the body. This water is then drunk again, and used again. The Fremen, used to life that requires hoarding water, are astonished at the fact that there are other planets with open water on them. Sandworms are a quite important part of Dune's ecosystem. They, wWhile infants, sandworms produce the spice melange, the spice so precious to human life on Arrakis. These infant sandworms, after being in a spice blow and surviving, eventually grow into the monstrosities that are adult sandworms, the "Old Men of the Desert." (citation) The Water of Life is a potent poison and prescience drug, only obtainable by drowning a sandworm. Its opposite is the Water of Death (citation), ... ...on's actions earlier in the novel lead to his downfall and death later in the novel. His hatred for the Duke Leto Atreides leads to the rise of Paul Maud'Dib, Leto's son and heir. Another irony is the fact that the Baron Harkonnen takes the dead Leto's Mentat, Thufir Hwat, and makes Hwat his Mentat. ""Another matter," the Count said. "We learn that Duke Leto's Mentat, Thufir Hawat, is not dead but in your employ." (Herbert 212). Keynes, the Imperial Planetologist, is killed by his own planet, which is an ironic moment in itself. "Then, as his planet killed him, it occurred to Kynes†¦" (Herbert 180). Paul's mission is ultimately to make Dune a planet full of life. He is there to change Arrakis, to make it ecologically more diverse. The first part of his mission is completed in Dune. He makes Dune a safe place for the Fremen to live in, free from persecution. Essay -- Dune is a novel by Frank Herbert about the rising of a messiah. The planets Dune, also called Arrakis, and Caladan serve as the setting for the story. The novel takes place in the far future, a dystopian future where humans are trained to function like computers of old, which have been banned from being built after a popular uprising against machines known as the Butlerian Jihad. Paul Maud'Dib is shown to be the Messiah the Fremen are searching for in that he starts the terraforming of Dune, the fact that he parallels Christ, his changing of the culture of the Fremen, and the fact that his genes mark him for greatness, and the irony of the Baron's actions. Ecology is a strong literary element in the novel Dune. plays a quite large part in Dune. Dune is a desert world, a sterile planet, devoid of life. Not uUntil one goes underneath the surface of Dune, then a whole new ecosystem is seen, based around water or the avoidance of it. Fremen use technology called "stillsuits" to conserve their body's water. Stillsuits recycle any moisture that is excreted by the body. This water is then drunk again, and used again. The Fremen, used to life that requires hoarding water, are astonished at the fact that there are other planets with open water on them. Sandworms are a quite important part of Dune's ecosystem. They, wWhile infants, sandworms produce the spice melange, the spice so precious to human life on Arrakis. These infant sandworms, after being in a spice blow and surviving, eventually grow into the monstrosities that are adult sandworms, the "Old Men of the Desert." (citation) The Water of Life is a potent poison and prescience drug, only obtainable by drowning a sandworm. Its opposite is the Water of Death (citation), ... ...on's actions earlier in the novel lead to his downfall and death later in the novel. His hatred for the Duke Leto Atreides leads to the rise of Paul Maud'Dib, Leto's son and heir. Another irony is the fact that the Baron Harkonnen takes the dead Leto's Mentat, Thufir Hwat, and makes Hwat his Mentat. ""Another matter," the Count said. "We learn that Duke Leto's Mentat, Thufir Hawat, is not dead but in your employ." (Herbert 212). Keynes, the Imperial Planetologist, is killed by his own planet, which is an ironic moment in itself. "Then, as his planet killed him, it occurred to Kynes†¦" (Herbert 180). Paul's mission is ultimately to make Dune a planet full of life. He is there to change Arrakis, to make it ecologically more diverse. The first part of his mission is completed in Dune. He makes Dune a safe place for the Fremen to live in, free from persecution.

How Recent Laws Promote Anti Discriminatory Practise In An Health And Social Care Environment

If any person or organisation discriminates against any one due to these factors then this is against the law and the person that has been discriminated amongst is entitled to take legal action to right for their rights.it is unlawful to discriminate anyone. An example of discrimination is that an employer does not give an applicant a job even though they are the best qualified person because the employer incorrectly thinks that the applicant is gay. This is a form of direct discrimination. In a health and social care setting you should treat everyone equally no matter their sexual orientation. As a care professional you should not make assumptions or make prejudgements about a person because it could lead to the care user being physical and emotionally hurt as they are going to feel that they are not value because of their differences to other people in society. You as a care professional should value everyone’s differences as it shows respect to the care user.It is important that you provide everyone with the same amount of respect as this is in their code of conduct which all employees should follow as this is part for their job and they should take this into consideration. The purpose of this act if that it puts together 40 years of  equalities together legalisation all in one place. The purpose of this act is that it provides the same levels of protection from discrimination across all the protected characteristics in places where it is the most appropriate. Another reason is that this acts simples and consoles approximately 116 pieces of separate equality legalisation together . This act is important for our society as it means that :It extends the equality duty to require the public sector to take into account the need of all protected groups this act protects disable people from potential discriminated questions in the recruitment process it protect carers from discriminationIt states in this act that it protects pregnant women and mothers from using services The next law I will be talking about is the human right published in 1998. This act promotes anti discriminatory practise as people are entitled to a different amount of rights. These are some of the rights:the right to life the right to liberty the right to be protected against torture and slavery the right to have a free trail and punishment respect of privacy and family life freedom of thoughtAll residents living in the UK are entitled to these rights . An example of this is that a woman named Rosy told the manager that she was pregnant. the right that this lady is entitled to is that she is allowed to go on maternity leave .this is an right that the lady is entitled to as in the health and social care sector women are allowed to take off time when pregnant so they can send quality time with their family. Another example of a right is that in all hospitals patient are allowed to see their relatives during the visiting time locating on the ward. This allows the rel ative to spend quality time with the ill patient.

How Is The Energy Generated Environmental Sciences Essay

Hydro engineering relies on H2O to reproduce electrical energy. Water is one of the most abundant beginnings in the universe we live in today. The force per unit area of the H2O will turn the turbines and generators to reproduce the electricity that so many people to a great extent depend on today. This engineering is clearly the manner frontward in respects to providing the general populace with clean renewable energy.IntroductionThis study will be concentrating on the Renewable energy beginning of Hydro engineering that is used in the universe today. It will be discoursing how this energy is transformed from kinetic energy into electrical energy, the constituents and different types of turbines that are used to build this engineering. How much power can be generated from this Renewable energy beginning. The study will be discoursing Ireland ‘s largest Hydro power station Ardnacrusha in Co. Clare. This study will discourse the advantages disadvantages of utilizing this energy beginning to provide electricity to the populace and the new advanced underwater turbines.Hydro TechnologyHydro engineering is a renewable energy that is one of the most abundant that is available today. Hydro power is supplied by bring forthing energy from falling H2O or cyclosis H2O and even sea H2O. This means that all these beginnings can be renewed. Unlike other energy beginnings that are most normally used like coal, gas and rough oil, the fact of the affair is that we will ne'er run out of H2O to the full, so we can safely state that this H2O can besides be renewed after we have used it. ( Lenntech n.d. ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lenntech.com/water-energy-faq.htm # ixzz1dEQL6A2E When rain H2O falls or flows depending on the environment/application energy will be generated. This power coevals of H2O is carried out in big power workss, this will include a figure of process stairss and the usage of power coevals equipment such as turbines and generators. The energy that is expelled from the H2O can be used to bring forth electricity. ( Lenntech n.d. ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lenntech.com/water-energy-faq.htm # ixzz1dETAw6Pv There are two chief factors involved in the operation of hydro engineering. The perpendicular autumn of H2O this is known as the caput this is indispensable for hydro power coevals. Fast streamlined H2O by itself does non hold sufficient energy merely on a big scale illustration of this would be the ocean, this is why the caput is so of import. Large scale coevals would imply the likes of ocean turbines that would be situated on the sea bed. So for smaller graduated table production the caput and flow rate are indispensable. There are two basic turbines that are used in this industry they are called reaction turbines and impulse turbines. The reaction turbine, this type of turbine is turned by the force/pressure of the H2O. The blades are mounted on the go arounding rotor these are called traveling blades. An illustration of this turbine is the Francis and Propeller turbine. ( Tpub n.d. ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tpub.com/content/engine/14105/css/14105_164.htm Figure 1 shows a David Darling Francis reaction turbine. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.daviddarling.info/images/Francis_turbine.jpg Figure ( David Darling n.d. ) Impulse turbines are turned/driven when a high speed of H2O which is directed from a nozzle hits of the vanes or pail. These vanes or pails are attached to a wheel which so turns the turbine and removes the kinetic energy from the H2O. ( David Darling n.d. ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/I/AE_impulse_turbine.html Figure 2 below shows the impulse turbine that are used in hydro engineering. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.leander-project.homecall.co.uk/Engines/Impulse.jpg Figure ( leander-project.homecall.co.uk n.d. ) The turbines that have been mentioned above are non suited for all the same applications as different power station will differ. For illustration a hydro station that will hold a caput tallness of over 200 meters, the pelton impulse turbine will be suited. For applications that range between 6 meters and 300 meters the Francis and Kaplin reaction turbines will be suited. For extremist low caput highs between 6 and 8 meters the reaction turbine which includes the reversible Gorlovka and the Francis tally over river turbines may be installed. The Francis turbines where the most common types used in early portion of this century but have since been superseded by the propellor turbine, this turbine is more compact and can be run in the same application. The Francis and Pelton have a good efficiency of around 70 to 85 % . Many of these turbines are still in topographic point today as they so where so normally used many old ages ago.How is the Energy GeneratedA hydro power works will dwell of a high H2O dike, this dike will be built across a river this in bend will now make a reservoir to incorporate the H2O, the station will house the turbines and generators this is where the procedure will take topographic point to pull out the energy organize the H2O and convert this energy to electricity. The first measure is gather the H2O, the beginning of the H2O will be from natural rain, rivers and streams all of these will be directed to the reservoir. This is called the hydrological rhythm. After all the H2O has been gathered the H2O will fall through the dike and into the hydropower works this in bend will get down to turn the turbine. The turbine will now get down to drive the generator the shaft will get down to revolve which will turn a figure of barons that are inside the generator this procedure produces the electricity. The power that is usually generated by this type of engineering is 10.5 Kv ( kilo Vs ) 10,500 Vs. Step up transformers will increase the electromoti ve forces to the desired end product for local distribution this will be 40 Kv ( kilo Vs ) 40,000 Vs and for longer distribution this will be stepped up once more to 110 Kv ( kilo Vs ) 110,000 Vs. This procedure does non do any pollution as no harmful chemicals are added to the H2O, after the H2O has been used it will be dispersed back into the river merely as how it came in. ( Lenntech n.d. ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lenntech.com/water-energy-faq.htm # ixzz1dFVeQ8iiUnder Water TurbinesUnder H2O turbines are progressively being installed today. They are soundless, unseeable, predictable and come from a renewable energy beginning. Twice a twenty-four hours every twenty-four hours the tides will alter high tide and low tide. The H2O flows in and out of the seashore lines and estuaries. The force of these tides will whirl the turbines in both waies which will in bend produce electricity. The turbines will be situated at the underside of the sea bed so they will non blockade any marine traffic. These turbines are now being produced in Ireland today by Open Hydro and have new innovated designs characteristics so they do n't hold any impact on the marine environment. A big gap in the Centre will supply equal infinite for marine life to go through safely. These new sleek designs will guarantee that fish and any other marine life will be able to go through with easiness and non go embroiled within the turbine. These new turbines do non utilize any lubricating fluids that may be harmful pollution to the marine environment. ( Open Hydro n.d. ) www.openhydro.com The universe has many oceans which mean that there is a immense resource for non fouling renewable energy. Around the universe there are many major tidal watercourse, these can be identified within every continent doing this natural resource available everyplace in the universe. It has been stated that if 0.1 % of the oceans energy was harvested it would be able to fulfill the planetary demand by more than five times over. Beginning: UK Marine Foresight Panel Figure 3 below shows the submerged turbines that are produced in Ireland by Open Hydro. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.openhydro.com/images/devGal4.jpg Figure ( unfastened hydro n.d. ) *Source: UK Marine Foresight Panel.Ireland ‘s Hydro Power StationIreland ‘s first hydro power station was commissioned in 1929 at the Ardnacrushafacility is Co. Clare. This is Ireland ‘s largest hydro river strategy. It is operated on a intent built canal which is connected to the river Shannon. This power generating works is made of three Francis perpendicular shaft turbine generators and there is one Kaplan perpendicular shaft turbine generator this turbine was non commissioned until 1934. The Ardnacrusha installation has an one-year end product of 332,000 Mwh ( mega W hours ) . This power is generated at 10.5 KV ( kilo Vs ) 10,500 Vs. This power is so transformed utilizing a measure up transformer to 40 KV 40,000 Vs for local distribution and 110 KV 110,000 Vs for long distance distribution. When the installation was foremost built in 1929 the end product of the works was 86 MW 86,000 ( mega Watts ) this was equal to run into the full electricity demand of Irelan d. The caput tallness of this hydro works is 28.5 meters which is the equivalent of around 95 feet.Today theArdnacrusha works merely represents 2 % of the ESB ‘s entire installed capacity. ( ESB n.d. ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.esb.ie/main/about-esb/ardnacrusha.jsp Figure 4 below shows the ESB ‘s Ardnacrusha installation in Co. Clare. hypertext transfer protocol: //b.vimeocdn.com/ts/125/790/125790166_640.jpg Figure ( vimeo n.d. )Advantages and DisadvantagesHydro power has a high sum of utile energy and has a low cost of runing with really small care costs. These types of workss emit really small emanations during their operation. The submerged turbines are non seeable to oculus they are besides soundless. They besides have a life span of two to ten times that of a coal or atomic works. The dike will assist environing countries from deluging. However there are some disadvantages hydro power Stationss take up a batch of infinite this will hold a knock on consequence to animal home grounds and wildlife. Large dikes will interrupt the flow of rivers. With big dikes and reservoirs fish may be unable to swim to the sea mercantile establishment this will hold an consequence on the aquatic life and may diminish fish stocks in the surrounding seashore lines. ( Lenntech n.d. ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lenntech.com/water-energy-faq.htm # ixzz1dFvvPjILDecisionHydro engineering uses a complete renewable energy to bring forth electrical. This type of engineering is a really sustainable manner to reproduce energy with really small emanations being released during the procedure. The thought of seting the turbines underwater is really efficient manner to bring forth electricity around sea countries due to the fact that people populating on these seashore lines clearly do n't desire air current turbine environing at that place country as people maintain that the turbines obstruct the scenic position.

Concept of Demolition Man Essay

* The Hollywood film represents the danger of globalization and cultural and environmental homogeneity, standardization and sanitation. * Friedman argues that because globalization is creating a single marketplace, it is homogenizing consumption and culture and can run the risk of wiping out ecological and cultural diversity throughout the world. In the Cold War system, cultures didn’t interact as frequently or directly as they do today, where they are often offered up for global competition and comparison against one another. Diversity in Globalization * Friedman argues that because globalization is often associated with Americanization, countries need to develop strong cultural and environmental filters so they can interact with but not be overwhelmed and swallowed by the herd. He suggests the most important filter is the ability to â€Å"glocalize,† meaning a culture’s ability to absorb natural influences into their culture yet reject those that are alien—to assimilate aspects of globalization into your culture in a way that adds diversity without overwhelming. * Globalization will be sustainable as long as we manage these filters in a way that protects our culture while simultaneously getting the best out of others’ cultures. Methods for Greening Globalization * Mobilize the environmental entrepreneurs– term coined by Keith Algers for an organization meant to stop the logging activities in the rainforest in Brazil while formulating a plan to avoid unemployment among these loggers. Looking at the bigger picture, it implies finding solution to the growing problems of compromise in the industrialized society that environmental protection and economic development can coexist together. * Environmentally Sound Production Methods – Corporations and shareholders should be pressured by the government to adapt new environmental policies. The government hitting companies over the head with both new regulations and new tax incentives to be green, and with SFC telling companies they have to start accurately portraying their environmental liabilities to shareholders—such as where they are being sued for dumping and what the cleaning up cost—there has been a paradigm shift. * Learning how to use globalization itself. Where globalization is an asset is in the fact that it is creating â€Å"Super-empowered environmentalist†, who are acting on their own, can now fight back rather effectively against both the Electronic Herd and governments. Thanks to the Internet, environmentalists in one country are quickly relaying how a multinational behaves in their country to environmentalists in other countries. Preventing cultural homogeneity * GlocalizationHhlksal;kl;ksdsl;adkls;adkals;d—the ability of a culture, when it encounters another strong cultures, to absorb influences that naturally fit into and can enrich that culture, to resist those things that are alien and to compartmentalize those things that, while different, can nevertheless be enjoyed and celebrated as different. * Unhelathy Glocalization—when you absorb something that isn’t part of your culture, doesn’t connect with anything latent in your culture, but you have so lost touch with your culture, you think it does. * Glocalism alone is not sufficient to protect indigenous cultures from globalization. Some hard filters are also needed. To begin with you need zoning laws, protected area laws and educational programs to preserve unique regions and a cultural heritage from insidious homogenous development.

Is Enough Being Done to Preserve Languages? Essay

Throughout history the world has consisted of many cultures and languages, some of them have been dominant, some of them have been minor. Until the 20th century global and minority languages have continued a peaceful coexistence that has provided cultural diversity for the Earth. In the present this balance has been broken and most of indigenous languages tend to disappear. Although worldwide scientists do not spare efforts to stop this extinction, there is a debate whether it is sufficient to do for saving extinct languages or not. Some experts suggest that some positive trends have emerged in linguistic field which can alleviate the grave situation such as master-apprentices program and large-scale documental projects. However, many scientists assert that the measures are not enough to protect languages from losing, since the rate of this process is extremely high and negative attitudes towards local languages are intensive. Therefore, this essay will contend efforts that have been made to preserve languages are inadequate because of considerable amount of adverse aspects. There are some effective efforts have been made to save languages in the world. One of these efforts is master-apprentices program which has increased the survival of languages. In this program young people learn their own language by older generation who teach them traditional customs and craftsmanship. For example, in California Native Americans are trained basket weaving in their own native tongue, because of this method it is enough about 300 hours to begin to speak fluently (Knight, 2000). Similarly, another successful master-apprentices program has been developed by academic Leanne Hinton of Berkeley and has passed on the knowledge and skills of indigenous Native American languages to the youth. As a result, this incentive can provide to maintenance of 25 aboriginal languages in the US (Wayt-Gibbs, 2002). The next one of efficacious ways to preserve languages is documentation which has supported fieldwork and other activities relevant to recording, documenting and archiving endangered languages. In the recent years several potent foundations have been created in order to invest considerable amount of money for these purposes. According to Wayt-Gibbs(2002), the Volkswagen foundation has helped to establish a multimedia archive in the Netherland and collect data on dozen rare languages. Moreover, owing to the Lisbet Rausing Charitable Fund, in the UK linguists will probably manage to record and save about 100 minor languages (Wayt Gibbs, 2002). In fact, these immense documentation projections can be more beneficial for science rather than common people, since the preservation does not contribute using minority languages in the real life. To sum up, due to some constructive projects that have raised interest and investment to saving endangered languages, scientists hope to stop language extinction. However, there are an impressive number of pessimistic forecasts to further existence of linguistic variety in our planet. The greatest concern is caused by rate of dying minor languages especially in developed countries. Krauss, a linguistic professor at the University of Alaska, states that about 3 000 languages will have vanished by the end of the century. For example, only two of 20 languages known in Alaska have been learn by children (Wayt-Gibbs, 2002). Moreover, the Navajo tongue is also on the danger list because only elder people speak in this language (Knight, 2000). The similar process has occurred in Australia, where 20 of 70 Aboriginal languages were not spoken by all current generations (Wayt-Gibbs, 2002). Respectively, most scientists are concerned about the alarming situation and its development in the future. Nevertheless, common people, especially native speakers, often have inferior attitude towards their own language. This attitude is another cause of disappearing minor languages. Owing to learning a dominate language and forgetting own language, people hope to improve their standard of living and be equal to their surroundings. This case happened to some dialects in Scottish which have given way to common English language (Wayt-Gibbs, 2002). It is obvious that an individual does not understand why he or she has to save own language when it is not useful for everyday life. Thus, the world has lost its language diversity with the exponential rate, as indigenous communities have rejected using its own language in favor of global languages in order to have better opportunities for themselves and their children. Therefore, although some encouraging perspectives have recently appeared in linguistic fields to prevent minority languages from dying out, the process of language extinction is irreversible. Most of the evidence was presented above particularly from developed countries such as the US and Australia. Nonetheless, developing countries have also lost its indigenous languages. According to Wayt-Gibbs (2002), there are aboriginal languages in Brazil, Ivory Coast, East Timor which it is likely to be extinct in the next 100 years. How it can be seen from the examples, almost in all parts of the world there are disappearing languages and its number increase constantly. As for people who renounce their own languages in favor of a global language, they do it not always willingly, but under pressure of political and economical circumstances. In the past the US government constrained the Navajo to reject from their language (Knight, 2000). Moreover, for business it is not also profitable to contribute language diversity that prevents from economic globalization (Knight, 2000). For these reasons the fate of most local languages are sealed. While some optimists insist that it is possible to save losing languages because of master-apprentices program, Wayt-Gibbs (2002) states that this project is not widespread, mainly in the US. In addition to that, he claims that elder speakers tend to die before they pass on their knowledge to the youth. In regard to positive results of documentation undertaking, creation of language archives has encountered serious complication due to inconsistency of collected data and uncertainty with the period of archive‘s maintenance (Wayt-Gibbs, 2002). Even if to allow that linguists manage to collect and record all endangered languages, humanity would receive only an outline that could not revive real languages (Wayt-Gibbs, 2002). Thus, although attempts to save language variety are weak and separate, the world prefers to use several dominant languages. Perhaps, it is worth reflecting to native speakers which language they will choose in the future and they will not loss probably only their own language, but their own lifestyle and throughway. In conclusion, minor languages disappear extremely quickly throughout the world and most non-global language speakers consider their language as useless. Despite of some earnest attempts to transmit indigenous languages from elder people to new generation and save minor languages by means of its documentation, these projects are not sufficient to surviving these languages as the educational program has not spread widely and documentation has not manage to revitalize languages, only collect and record some of them. As a result, by the end of the century most minority languages will have vanished. Nowadays, the cost which people pay for vague prosperity and social safety seems no high, nevertheless, in the future they may realize that they lost not only their language and their identity. References: Knight, J 2000, ‘Lost for words’, New Scientist, 12 August, viewed 14 November 2007, < http:// www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg16722512.400&print=true >. Wayt-Gibbs, W 2002, ‘Saving Dying Languages’, Scientific American, August, p.p. 78-85.